Graphical User Interface Autism Children And Young People Essay Essays

Graphical User Interface Autism Children And Young People Essay Essays Graphical User Interface Autism Children And Young People Essay Essay Graphical User Interface Autism Children And Young People Essay Essay For the first subdivision of reappraisal of the autism, there is tonss of of import information that we gathered about the autism that in a manner helps the research. In this research the chief mark is to assist the autistic kids intervention with aid of the android automatons which are presently use NAO automaton as the chief tool. There will be some account will be covered in this subdivision about the autism. What is autism? The term of autism are already used since 100 twelvemonth ago. This word is come from the Greek word car where it s average ego . This term are used to advert the personal features of individual with this ability where ever by themselves all the clip without doing a societal interaction with others. In 1908, Eugen Bleuler was utilizing this term for patients with symptoms of schizophrenic disorder where the symptoms are somewhat same as autism. Then the head-shrinker from America, Leo Kanner began to utilize the term of autism for the kids that he studied where to explicate the behavior of the kids which is got a job with the societal interaction. After that, Hans Asperger was written about a group of kids he called autistic sociopaths because the kids he studied are resembled with what feature of the kid describe by Leo Kanner. But for the instance that he surveies the most of the patient that are among of the individual that got the ability same as the autistic individual, bu t in term of the intelligence they by and large got the normal as others individual and for linguistic communication development are near to the normal individual. In the other word it can be describe that this individual are better than individual with the autism in their ability map. From that he named the symptom as the Asperger s syndrome [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . : Not everyone knows these sort of symptom even though it already existed long clip ago. It is some sort of encephalon developmental disablement. Largely this symptom will consequence to individual s normal encephalon map and besides the communicating include societal interaction accomplishment that supposed to be needed for themselves for confronting all the challenge in their whole life. Peoples with this ability largely got troubles with communicating and societal accomplishments and they besides have unusual behaviors and involvements. Because of these troubles, individual with autism got a job with acquiring a friend and besides to pass on with another individual. Everything what their privation to portion is hard to understand or make by the normal individual unless they already expose by the therapy that train them to pass on. Normally this particular ability can be detected when the obvious marks of autism and symptoms of autism appear to the person when their age effort in between 2 and 3 old ages [ 4 ] . From the latest study of Health Ministry the approximately estimated of the kids with autism born are one in 1000 kids in Malaysia and the consequence shown that four times more likely to impact male childs compared to girls [ 5 ] . Autism is the lasting symptom that can non be removed as their wanted. For this minute there are non suited remedy that can be used for them. But for them to get the better of or accommodate the challenge that have to faced they must travel through with the earlier diagnosing, therapies, and intercessions from individual that have the experience with this intervention such as healer. All this method is needed in order to cut down symptoms and increase accomplishments and abilities of the individual with this particular ability. There are tonss of therapies that can be applied to them, so that they can larn and so can accommodate the full learning thing in their everyday life clip. Some therapies that can be applied are societal accomplishment therapy, physical therapy, drama therapy, address therapy, developmental therapies and etc. Most of this therapy can be describe as the best intervention particularly for the individual with autism ; most of the research that applied this therapy intervention for the patient largely got the positive feedback compared with negative feedback. Patient that got through with the therapy largely at least got a small betterment in their ability and besides in the societal interaction with other individual. Symptoms [ 6 ] In this subdivision will be discussed about the symptoms of the autism. There is several sort of disablement that can be recognized in individual with autism, practically there are some common symptoms that can be appears for the individual with this ability such as: Social Interaction/Skills For the autistics individual the most troubles that faced by them are in the societal interaction accomplishments. While they interact with other individuals, they will be faced a job in apprehension or utilizing the societal look like an oculus contact, facial look, gesture and etc. to do an interaction. This job can be detected since they in early age. This job non merely gives a job to them but besides to the individual surround that want to interact with them. The societal job that happened to the individual with autism chiefly will convey troubles for them in sharing what they have learned or what they feel. That behavior makes them hard in acquiring a friend or keeping the friendly relationships among them or with others. Besides that in term of organic structure contact, largely they will resistance to being snuggling or touched like normal individual unless that individual are closes adequate to them such as their parent or siblings. As for individual with autism they prefer to be entirely in they own universe instead than being disturbed by others that makes their choice life distracted. Communication Communication accomplishments are related to the linguistic communication development of person. The ability is depending on the societal and besides rational development. This sort of upseting happen to them because of the normal encephalon map affected by this symptom.For the individual with autism this mark are usually happened to them. This is one of the mark really appear or recognized for the individual with autism when their age reach 3 old ages old. They will acquire jobs in verbal and non-verbal communicating because of them lack in address development. In order to pass on with others they largely will utilize a simple or uncomplete sentence. They will confront jobs in get downing or keeping a conversation because of hard in understanding the linguistic communication that used while doing interaction. Sometime for individual with autism they will utilize the insistent linguistic communication form that normally have no significance or non related to the conversation subject with others. For the illustration they count one to five repeatedly or they besides repeat the words that they heard over and over every bit much as they like without believing the others. This sort of status scientifically called as echolalia, which means the automatic repetition back the full thing that is said. The deficiency of gestural communicating accomplishment give a batch of job to this individual, they unable to used gesture like a indicating to an object in order to do other individual to understand what they try to convey in their address. Everything that they want to state largely can non be understood by others that make them to do inappropriate behaviors or unnatural usage of pitch, modulation, beat or emphasis while talking. They besides got jobs in understanding the simple inquiry that given t o them or when asked about the way term. Behaviors In term of behavior the form that normally used for individual with autism are besides insistent same as the communicating accomplishment jobs. All the activities that they done largely in insistent manner where they will concentrate on the activity such as rolling arm, whirling the object over and over once more. They normally fascinated with the rotary motion object like a wheel on the plaything auto. The autistics individual normally have an compulsion with objects, they like to do varied sort of aggregation like a bottle, box and etc. as their wonts. The compulsion with the difference object are the common thing that happened to the individual with the autism, it seem like a complicated wonts but in their everyday the thing that they opportunity still be repeated every bit same as before and that is the most valuable clip for them that can non be alteration as we like, if that happen they will go disquieted or angry. Besides that they besides like to rearrange and line up thing t hat they collected over and over. If that happen it could do them to make an inappropriate behaviors such as unnatural usage of pitch or others unpredictable thing that can do hurt. Besides that they besides have troubles in altering or reassigning their activity from one country to another, because of the complicated wonts that done in their modus operandi. Roboticss The footings of automaton foremost used in public are in 1920 by Karel A?apek in the scientific discipline fiction drama named R.U.R. ( Rossum s Universal Robots ) . The word of automatons really from the Czech linguistic communication Robota which means servitude or forced labors where they done the full thing that being instructed to them by their maestro [ 7 ] . After that the words of zombi or android have being replaced by this new term for in the linguistic communication use all around the universe [ 7 ] [ 8 ] . In 1942 the regulations of three Torahs for the robotics have being introduced by Isaac Asimov in the scientific discipline fiction of short narrative entitle Runaround . The three Torahs that he mentioned foremost are about the automaton non gave any injury to human being through its action. Second jurisprudence are the automaton are obeying all the direction or orders that given to it by the human being every bit long as the instructions are non overlapped with the first jurisprudence. And the last jurisprudence that he mentioned the automaton should protect its owns being while its can demur where the protection are non interrupt the first and 2nd Torahs that have being mentioned in his authorship. From the Torahs that have being introduced and many betterments had made in his narratives, so he start to do an change and amplification the original Torahs for the farther development on how automatons can interact with worlds or each other s. Then he s come up with the 4th or zerot h jurisprudence where the Torahs described that the automaton must non harm humanity. Presents there are tonss of undertaking that given to the automaton to make the occupations in many field which is in the industrial automatons, domestic or household automatons, medical automatons, service automatons, military automatons, amusement automatons, infinite automatons and in conclusion in the field of avocation and competition automatons [ 9 ] . Besides that the group of automaton besides can be divided in to the group based on the map and design that makes it doing a undertaking whether it is able to travel or non, large or little. Each of them can be spliting into [ 10 ] ; Mobile Robots where it is normally can execute the undertaking that can non be done by homo either that country can non be range or that topographic point are unsafe. The nomadic automaton can be classs into two which is Rolling Robots and Walking Robots. Stationary Robots besides one of the types that can be discussed, the automaton are non merely used to make the undertaking for the human to research countries and besides use to copy a human behavior that can do a perform the insistent undertaking that supposed to be done by the homo without traveling an inch. Because of the human got a bound in performed a occupations. By so the imitative automaton are truly utile for that sort of occupations because automaton neer grows tired, it will execute its responsibility twenty-four hours and dark without of all time kicking. Autonomous Automatons are the automaton that can execute the undertaking without a back uping from human being. The word supporting here are means that the automaton really got its ain encephalon that can be rely on while making the undertaking. The automaton runs plans that give them the chance to them in executing the best solution or action depended on the environing. They can larn on how to walk and avoid obstructions that block their motion. Remote-control Robots are the independent automaton where the memory and the encephalon capacity are limited. That needed in order to execute a complicated undertaking that can non be executing by the normal independent automaton. The complicated undertaking are still be perform by the human being where have the existent encephalon power in order to command the automaton like a denote a bomb in the military countries. Virtual Robots are merely a plans where can do a simulation of the existent automaton or executing the insistent undertaking controlled by the package in the computing machine. The practical automatons are the particular automaton that developed in order to bring forthing the searching of the World Wide Web. Most of the practical automatons are infinite in the cyberspace that creeping from site to site where they collect the information on the web sites and directing the information to the hunt engines. Roboticss are the system where produced by the human sort that can travel by themselves. All the action that allowed them to travel is influenced by the aid of the programming systems or electronic circuitry [ 10 ] [ 11 ] . The robotic systems are component or device that can travel about in the environment and doing interactions either societal or physical. The automaton can do the physical interaction through propulsion action and so it can take an consequence from the physical interaction by mensurating utilizing the detection. The propulsion and sensing component are the of import component that needed for the automaton to do them to command its mechanical organic structure. With the accountant constituent that possess by the automaton it can assist the automaton to make some bomber activities such as modeling, modulating and be aftering like reference in [ 11 ] . For the automaton it should hold the characteristic [ 12 ] ; Feeling is the most of import feature for the automaton to enable them to feel the milieus. To do the automaton the sense ability it should fit with detectors such as light detectors, touch and force per unit area detectors and many more that can assist the automaton cognizant with its environment. For the Movement features is needed in order to give an chances for the automaton to travel around its environment whether turn overing on wheel or any method that could assist it s to travel. In term of energy, as the automaton it is the of import beginnings that needed to find its life-time. Robot needs to be able to power itself by many ways such as solar powered, electrically powered, battery powered that depend on the intent of the automaton developed. And the last of import feature that needed for the automaton is Intelligence. The intelligent of the automaton are depending on the programming systems that enters the platform. A coder is the individual who gives the automaton its smar ts. The automaton will hold to hold some manner to have the plan so that it knows what it is to make. There tonss of betterment in the robotics systems had make presents in attempt to assist human life manner. The development of the android automaton with independent and semi- independent automaton are the celebrated research that make in order to better the interaction relationship in between the automaton and human being. Humanoid Robot Humanoid automaton is one of the independent automatons where it placed in that categorize because of its ability which are the same as the independent 1s. Beside the ability what makes the humanoid automaton particular because of the design of the organic structure or the outer visual aspect that look like merely like mare human. All the features that possessed on homo are besides it s got even though it merely a simple one. To go the humanoid automaton the developer non needed to fit the automaton with all the portion that human possess like a caput, arm, legs and others, but when the automaton merely have one of the portion it s besides can be called as the android automaton every bit long as it look like a human. What make the android automaton differ than the others automatons are the capableness of the automaton to do an interaction either with human or each other. Lapp as the normal automaton, the android automaton besides needed the same constituents or portion in order to map. The parts that it s needed are the actuator, detectors, organic structure and besides programing that became the most of import thing that controls the automaton. Each of the parts is needed for the different maps. For the illustration we take the detector, the detector are the devise that used in the organic structure of the automatons. There are many sorts of detector that attach in the automaton such as force per unit area and touch detector, light detectors, sonar detectors and many more. All the detector are used so that the automaton could feel the dangers or the obstructions that appears when they got involved to the environment and so all the sense that detected will be send to the package which is plans or in other words the intelligent of the automaton that created by the coder so makes a determination to execute the solution. The design of these sort of automaton like a human being make people that want to interact with it feel save comfy either for the immature or the seniors. The latest design of the android automaton are focused on the interaction had make between the automaton and the human. The term for this interaction are called as the human automaton interaction ( HRI ) . The manner of the interaction are improved by clip to clip that makes the interaction between them become more gratifying like holding a normal interaction with a individual. The human surveies of the HRI are related to the relationship on the homo and besides the automaton and besides the reaction that give influences each other while interacting. The automaton particularly a humanoid automaton that developed with the HRI are truly of import and have a higher potency in the therapy session that can be used as the tool to develop or learn the normal or the particular individual that got the a jobs in the encephalon maps like a individual with autism in order to assist them in understanding and observe the emotion that created and besides to develop the societal human behaviors that can non be reach by themselves [ 13 ] . Nowadays there are tonss of the researches conducted in order to make the android automaton for many countries purpose like faculty members, amusement, research and many more. For the instance survey that we created, the android automaton that used is the NAO where the potency of the automaton that we see as the best from the other develo ped automaton for a minute for the automaton therapy that give to kids with autism. NAO [ 14 ] The android automaton that widely used for this minute is NAO, most of them late are used in the research and academic included the developer intent. In this subdivision we will discourse on the NAO automaton. NAO are one of the androids automatons which are the independent types. NAO is the android that possess with the caput, weaponries, legs and others portion that make its expressions like a small male child. The tallness of the NAO is about 23 inches with the actuator and the motors that connected each portion of the organic structure that make it can travel freely with the 25 grades of freedom ( DOF ) . This automaton consists of many detectors that make it functioned good like a force per unit area and haptic detectors, sonar range finder for distance appraisal, Information Retrieval ( IR ) emitters and receiving systems. The frequence of the cardinal processing unit ( CPU ) that used in the NAO is 1.6 GHz where the maker used the processor from the Intel Company named as Intel Atom. Same as the computing machine the automaton besides needed the operating system ( OS ) to command the NAO plans, for the NAO the compatible OS is Linux, Windows and Mac OS. The needed of the power supply are truly of import for the automaton to operating, so that the NAO automaton are used the power supply from the 27.6-watt-hour battery that can be varies by the use, puting and runing status, for the active usage the automaton can prolong until an hr, while 90 proceedingss for normal usage, depending on the use. Figure 2.1 NAO Robots with the Part Names [ 14 ] Besides that what makes this robot particular it is because it have the ability to pass on with the individual thanks to the constitutional talker and voice synthesist device that acts as communicating device of the automatons that use to acknowledge and track voice and sounds. Meanwhile for the speaking abilities the mikes are used. And for the eyes the NAO automaton are supported with the cameras that used to acknowledge faces and objects, besides used to track and analyze its environing. To do the eyes of the automaton map right to observe faces or the object the sets of algorithms had been used that concept in the platform that control the NAO. For the scheduling linguistic communication that usage in the interfacing intents compatible linguistic communication that can be usage are C++ , Python, Urbi, and etc. that depend on the users that has to be suited or compatible with the OS platform. The NAO automaton is equipped with the tactile detectors that installed at two of its organic structure parts which are on the caput and besides at the both custodies that use for user to give the bid when by touch it. These detectors besides can be set as the shut off button when the user puting their manus on the NAO automaton or the button to get down the faculty that uploaded to the NAO. Besides that in order to avoid the obstruction or something that will barricading the automaton ways the maker already placed the two senders and receiving systems each on NAO organic structure so that it can place the distances of environing objects within 70 centimeters of distance. The android automaton NAO non a statics robot that merely remain on the one topographic point so doing occupations, but NAO is the automaton where can do a motion and walk around like a homo s with non a heterosexual but besides others motion because of the detectors and besides the actuator articulation with the certain grade of freedom used in the NAO concept that makes it stable to walk on many different surfaces. The NAO automaton besides compatible with the web connexions which is Wi-Fi and Ethernet that makes NAO to link with the web wherever it placed either at place or other topographic points every bit long as that topographic point are supplies with the web connectivity. With this connectivity the NAO automatons will be supplies with the up to day of the month information such as the conditions prognosis or the utilizing the package change overing the linguistic communication used that straight connected to the cyberspace while communicate. Beside the Wi-Fi and Ethernet the NAO besides equipped with infrared connexion where it can be used for the particular undertaking that given to the such as bend off the telecasting with its owns infrared connexion and besides to command other device that equipped with the infrared connexions that can be done based on the undertakings that given to them by coder. In term if undertaking, for the NAO system can be control by utilizing the particular package that provided by the maker called as NAO Choregraphe Module that can be used to put the motion or the undertakings for the NAO that want to creates likes a sing a vocal, move with other gestures and others. All of the undertaking are depends on the coder that creates the scheduling for them. Figure 2.2: NAO s Choregraphe ModuleAssistive Robotics ( AR ) The applications of Assistive Roboticss are widely used in order to look into the application of the robotics with their engagement in the field wellness attention and instruction. These probes are of import to accomplish the best process solution to recovery for individuals with damages due to assorted diseases particularly related to the encephalon map like autism. The assistive robotics is focus on developing robotic AIDSs for back uping independent individuals who have chronic or degenerative restrictions and besides who got jobs with encephalon disablements as therapy and supportive tools [ 15 ] . AR are related to many application countries that already being exposed by the past research worker in attempt to better human comfort. From the survey that conducted by Mason and Christensen [ 16 ] mentioned that assistive automaton are developed from different application countries in order aid homo for their life such as: Manufacturing-In this country the robotics systems are widely deployed for the fabrication procedure. Most of the mill utilizing this engineering for them to better the production rate of the merchandise. They ever make research for continues to progress by develop new cardinal attack in the engineering of the robotics. Every twenty-four hours there are ever new development are obtained. Medical and health care are normally used of the Assistive Robotics for the patient particularly in term of Recovery and Rehabilitation. The patients that normally involve in this sort of intervention are the 1 that got the jobs with the physical disablement. The automaton will help them with the suited method that can be applied to them by the AIDSs of the automaton till the advancement achieved. Beside that the other researches besides mention that this country besides covered the application of mobility jobs and besides used for senior attention [ 17 ] [ 16 ] . Service-in general the services are that used the robotics assistive is in both professional and domestic services. Professional service normally used automatons in logistics, agribusiness, cleansing, and besides mining sector but for the Domestic service automatons can execute undertakings where worlds on a regular basis perform around their places such as vacuuming, horticulture, cut downing the lawn and pool care [ 18 ] . Socially Robot ( SR ) Socially Robot ( SR ) is term that used in order to depict the societal interaction that involved in between automaton and homo. This term are foremost used by the research worker to do surveies of depicting automaton which is following human societal feature such as incarnation, emotion, communicating, and etc. [ 19 ] . SR are operates or given undertaking as the spouse or aid for the human to pass on or doing interaction. By refer to the research done by Dautenhahn and Billard, they mentioned that Social synergistic automatons can be defined as the agents that can interact with each other and besides environment so construe the universe in footings of their ain experience that their possess, they stands for explicitly Communicate with and larn from each other [ 20 ] . Socially Assistive Robotics ( SAR ) Based on the survey that had done by Seifer and Mataric, the Socially Assistive Robot ( SAR ) is specifying as the intersection between the Assistive Robot and Socially Robot. SAR and AR are similar in term of aid, but for the elaborate SAR is more to the societal than physical interaction. Meanwhile in the position of the societal interaction SAR is more similar to SR in term of their focal point, which is to develop and besides create an interaction with a user in intent to give aid particularly in the field of intervention [ 21 ] . Nowadays these sorts of interaction are concerned particularly for the individual that does nt hold an attempt or energy to assist them including in procedure of recovery and rehabilitation. For this survey we focused the SAR on assisting the autistic kids where got a job in their encephalon development. It is because some of these kids are demoing their enthusiasm and miming character when their face or travel through interaction with the automaton [ 22 ] . SAR in this instance can be used as aid for the user to better the mental wellness of kid by cut downing emphasis, solitariness and depression that happened to them [ 23 ] . As mentioned before the SAR is merely doing a societal instead than physical interaction. This can give the best chance for to develop the interaction between human and automaton without giving injury while interacts with the automaton. The developments of the SAR are widely improved and popular in the research country such as the robotics, medical specialty, neuroscience and etc. The SAR developments are foremost used in order to assist elderly by building robot-pet comrade for them to assist in cut downing depression and emphasis [ 24 ] . The SAR are truly beneficially non merely for the aged but it besides can be utile to everybody include persons with physical damages, individual that goes through the rehabilitation therapy and besides for the persons that got the jobs with encephalon upset by utilizing them as the tools or medium for therapy, preparation and besides can be used as the particular instruction. The SAR are truly portion to make when involved the interaction with the human, there a tonss of possibilities has to be consider before it been constructed. In the paper that done by David Feil-Seifer and Maja J MatariA†¡ [ 25 ] , they have taken several nucleus of moralss principle that set up for the medical to be implement in the SAR development. The moralss rules that have being discussed are beneficence, non-maleficence, liberty and justnes s where they try to analyze either its affect the applications of SAR. For the automaton the visual aspects are truly of import to acquire a higher outlook from people that interact with it, human-like visual aspect are the better for them [ 24 ] . David Feil-Seifer did mentioned that the ways of kids with autism and automatons are different compared with the interaction them with individual or toys [ 26 ] [ 27 ] . But the job that occur from this interaction is that the respond that given by the automaton while interacting to the childs. He did besides reference that this sort of interaction is the disputing jobs to do the automaton to understand the behavior of the kid with autism. There are a tonss of development had make in the robotics development in order to happen the solution on this jobs. To decide this job the research had make among the research workers and enable them to used to the full independent automatons for interact with any kids particularly kids with autism by concentrating on the free-form behavior that showed by kids. The interaction that make in between kid and automaton can go as a curative assistance that can assist people particularly kids with autism. The therapy should be aimed for them in order to develop and better their ability while interacting. The purposes of the therapy are to promote of the turn-taking behavior, human-human and human -robot interaction and besides purposes for acquiring or observing kids distress [ 27 ] . Autistics child characteristic are different comparison to normal kids, non all of them can accept the behavior of the automaton that interact with them. In the surveies paper made by David Feil-Seifer mentioned that for the autistics child there were specific morphological and behavior of the automaton are raging and deflecting for them. From at that place they to happen new methods by observing automatically the negative behavior of the kid so minimise hurt experienced by giving the properly response while interacting with automaton. Robot and Autism. In order to do a connexion between these androids and autistics kids for the intervention, the research that we conducted had consider all possibility and besides the effects that can be happen during the intervention because of the status of the autistics kids which is differ with the normal kid on their features. The used of the automaton as the tools to assistive kids with autism are truly utile and got its ain potency in the intervention because some of them will demo their behavior while interacting with the automaton [ 28 ] . For the individual with autism the societal interaction with the automaton is more suited compared interaction with people in term of behavior. It is because for them people s societal behaviors are difficult to foretell and besides confounding compared to the automaton behavior which is ever can be control and be managed harmonizing to the direction given to them with exactly [ 28 ] [ 29 ] . In this subdivision we will take a expression for the several re searches that conducted by the past research worker that utilizing automaton as the tool to give a therapy to the autistics individual and besides that research that make the most cherished find related to the therapy session that used the robot assistive. From the determination there will be some info that can be used that can assist in the current research that we conduct. The robotic systems are foremost used in the intervention for the autism since 1976 by Sylvia Weir and Ricky Emanuel utilizing a nomadic turtle-like automaton named LOGO at university of Edinburgh [ 30 ] . Since so, these methods of intervention become most celebrated subject that chosen by the pupil in university for their research to develop and better this method of intervention boulder clay now. Their comes up with differences and new development from all the research that already developed and all the informations that collected in their research has become a mention for the following coevals to better and besides develop new research. The LOGO automatons are used to promote communicating accomplishment on the individual they studied which is seven old ages old male childs with symptoms of autism. The research reported that its give a positive consequence based on the respond that kid with the automaton. Even though the undertaking are non straight give an interaction with the a utomaton and non operated autonomously, but from this research of surveies it give a hopes that this sort of intervention can give a new way for the following coevals research worker to develop the new betterment by utilizing the automaton as the medium tools to gives therapy for the individual with autism [ 30 ] . The research had made by Hideki Kozima and Cocoro Nakagaw utilizing the automaton called as KEEPON to interact with the kid. The research conducted to turn out that the interaction between kids with autism and automaton are difference depends on the single age. From the research they obtained, the consequence shown that largely child that age below 1 twelvemonth they make an interaction with the automaton merely by utilizing custodies and oral cavity and did non care about the automaton ability. But for the kid with age 1year old they make an interaction with the automaton based on the automaton attentive and affectional actions. And the research on 2 twelvemonth old kid shows that they want to make a societal interaction with the automaton by demoing something to them and besides do a organic structure contact with it [ 22 ] . This research besides show the betterment of the autistic kids when they interact with the automaton. Largely they showed to their trainers what they have lea rned. This become most of import determination that will be used or implemented for the research and so applied the suited faculty or undertaking that given to the automaton in order to interact based on age of the individual that become our capable. Figure 2.3: KEEPON [ 22 ] Then the research of therapy besides use the application of automaton named as ROBOTA. It is one of the android automaton dolls that little in size with around 45 centimeter in high. The chief organic structure of the doll are covered with the electronic board with the motor that drive the legs, weaponries and besides for the caput its move by utilizing one grade of freedom. Chiefly this automaton are used for develop kids in motion, music and address. The intent of this survey is to better the societal interaction accomplishments and imitation ability of the autistic individual. The trials have been doing with four kids with autism. They were exposed repeatedly with the automaton that applied the basic imitative and turn-taking games for several months. Along with this trial the picture of the documenting had been recorded during kids make interaction with the automaton. From the picture that recorded they evaluated the four behavioral standards including oculus regard, touch imitat ion and in conclusion on the place of kids with the automaton ( near ) . They have comes up with the qualitative and quantitative analysis. From the first analysis which is qualitative analysis on observed all the activity of the kids that related to the interaction behavior, they revealed farther facets of the societal accomplishment interaction of the kids such as the ability of imitation, oculus regard, touching and else. Besides that, from this analysis they besides can bespeak the degree of communicating accomplishment that showed personally by the kids based on the recorded picture informations. For the 2nd analysis it s showed an addition in continuance of pre-defined behaviors towards the ulterior tests. In this surveies show that the insistent exposure the android automaton will increase the basic interaction societal accomplishment of the kids. Figure 2.4: TROY [ 31 ] The following simple design of humanoid automaton can be discuss in this paper are the automaton called as TROY. It is the automaton that can execute the simple and programmable behavior. It is the simple automaton with two weaponries with four grade of freedom that can do it raised and lowered the weaponries and other action. The automaton besides equipped with the 7 inch screen where it presented as the caput of the automaton where the research worker put the face to expose the face look like sad, happy or other impersonal emotions. The automaton is designed in order to promote the imitation and besides turn-taking behaviors for the individual with autism. In these surveies they mentioned that the period the interaction in between the automaton and kid should non transcend so 20 % from the available therapy clip. The remainder of the clip should be the therapy for the kid and human interactions [ 31 ] . In this instance they try to stress that the interaction in between the kid and automaton has to be less than the interaction with a individual in procedure to develop. In the research they got the positive consequence on the low dose robotics intervention for the kid with autism in their interaction accomplishments. In the therapy that they conducted they begin the therapy measure by measure started with the interaction between the kid and automaton so continue with the interaction between the kid, healer and the automaton and the remainder of the 80 % of the therapy session is the interaction between human and kid. In this instance they merely used the automaton as the tool to assist a kid to develop societal accomplishment. Figure 2.5: Child with autism interacting with the Labo-1 automaton [ 24 ] The following research that used the automaton as the tools to promote the development of kids with autism are the nomadic automaton named as LABO-1. The automaton consists of the infrared detector that act as like a echo sounder to avoid the obstruction that block the automaton from moved and besides pyro-electric detector that used to observe and following the human. The robot motion are really slow to avoid any unpredictable thing from happened to the kid. In this research the topic are two kids with autism to give societal interacting preparation or therapy. The consequence of the trial showed the positive consequence when the kids give a good response while playing with the automaton. The research worker besides mentioned that the kid played with the automaton for the long clip and did non frighten while interacting with the automaton at a close distance [ 24 ] . The used of the automaton as the medium in assisting individual with autism are merely to assist them in develop their abilities and facilitate human contact non to replace them from interact with other individual [ 32 ] . In this research, the survey will be related to the automaton therapy where individual with autism will be expose with the interaction to the automaton where assist them to better the ability. The involved of humanoid automaton named NAO are truly suited for the research, it is because of the characteristic as mentioned before are suited used for the research particularly when it interact with the autistic individual and besides for the normal individual. There are researcher references that for the autistic kids the behavior of the NAO automaton which is insistent and the motion that has being simplified are truly suited and can assist them in preparation of the societal accomplishment [ 33 ] . These applications of NAO are truly suited because most of the feature are significantly showed that its truly consistent with the behavior of the autistic autism which is can non confront the complicated thing in during their accomplishments development. Nowadays there is tonss of research that used NAO as the tool to happen new development in many countries particularly in term of medicine or automaton therapy. Robot therapy is therapy that used a automaton as helper in the intervention. The ways of the automaton used are depend on the intent of the faculty or undertakings that create by the research worker for the research. The suited faculty of the automaton should hold a justification on why it has to be that manner and what traveling to go on when used in the therapy in order to draw attending individual with autism to affect in interaction with the automaton. The full undertaking given for the NAO is truly of import for the therapy to guarantee whether it is succeeded or non in the intervention. The betterment of the undertaking done by the research worker should be improved from clip to clip in order to make the best undertaking for the NAO for the therapy. Graphical User Interface ( GUI ) In this subdivision it will be the most of import parts that where the reappraisals are traveling decided what are the most of import thing has to be included in the GUI development that has to be interfacing each other between networking and the database, beside assist the user to work out the job in develop new faculty or other thing that related to the plan for the intervention and so accomplish the aim besides the purposes of the research. The GUI developments are truly of import for the user particularly to person with a small cognition in the computing machine development. The interface will steer the users through different phases towards the achievement of the undertakings. The multi-task and hard interface could convey another job for the users to better their accomplishments. In this reappraisal it will steer about something that related to the best GUI development for the research. GUI is the most common thing that we traveling to utilize when involve with the machine and human interaction like computing machine. This interface is truly of import or became the medium for the human to interact with the machine with more effectual. The interaction merely affect the usage of the image or images as the button bid instead than the texts bid that can give the confusion for the novices or non-technical individual that low in the computing machine cognition. The full image or the icons will stand for as the action button that available on the GUI application that normally performed through direct use of the graphical elements that make the OS to relocated or happen the beginnings of the bid that being done in the text bid. GUI are introduced in the reaction of the bid cringles of the command-line interface ( CLI ) where required the external equipment like a keyboard to type the bid. The bids were merely showed the bid line interface with Numberss and text with the com plicated operation that can be completed by utilizing the cutoff by pull stringsing a symbols or the short sequence of words. There is a research of the GUI development that has being conducted to turn out that the utilizations of the icons for the direction are truly effectual instead than others bids. In that research they have make study on the 10 people between 20 boulder clay 30 old ages olds that operates the interface that been develop. The consequence of the studies showed that the used of the icon or others characters that represent the operation of the application attract users so heighten the serviceability of the practical GUI s [ 34 ] . The best Graphical user interface is the 1s that have the feature of user friendly that makes everybody experience satisfy after utilizing it. The user friendliness can be defined as the interface that will steer the users through phase to another in order to carry through the undertakings, so that users can interact more with the undertakings and less with the system [ 35 ] . To accomplish the user friendliness there are several features that have to be include d are [ 35 ] ; The first thing that have be included in the interface are the design of the interface has to be suited for everyone and besides good looking interface. It truly needed so that the user feels it will work better and more confident while utilizing the application. Besides that the users besides can experience more satisfied and comfy with the interface while read the interface with strong contrast between text and background. Besides that the usage of the basic words besides give an consequence on the users interface, users will happen an interface to be friendly if it displays information in their native reading way or in their native linguistic communication, without utilizing any profession particular footings that non everyone can understand. Accessible besides can be the 1s of the features should be on the user friendly interface. The interface has to be developing so that everybody can entree the interface without holding a complicated. A user friendly interface should be built upon the human ocular and cognitive capablenesss that can be achieved by utilizing cognition of familiar objects that can makes users happen it easier to larn and utilize. The user interface besides has to consistent in manner and dictions. The GUI is divided in to two groups which is computing machine based and web-based. In this research the GUI that we traveling to research are more to the web-based where we have to make a web site for the kids with the autism, so that everybody could accesses and so can sharing the information that they got from the research that conducted by themselves. There will be the treatment on the related subjects on the therapy procedure of the automaton named as NAO with the kids with the autism, besides sharing the faculty that has being created. In the procedure of the developing the GUI creative activity the demand of the package is needed. In order to plan the interface with the user friendly interface all the feature has being study through the researching the reappraisal that have make by the past research worker. At this minute the best package that consider as the best in the interface design are Adobe Photoshop where it can be used as the tools in redacting the design till the concluding satisfaction be achieved. But in order to make the website the best package could be usage is MySQL. The usage of the MySQL package is place the best tools because of it is the unfastened beginning package where about all the website developer are used these package besides it is the freeware package. Then for the scheduling linguistic communication the truly suited and compatible with the MySQL are PHP package, where it s besides one of the freeware package that easy to obtain. The GUI development for this research will concentrate o n the users with the deficiency in the cognition of the computing machines. Everybody could portion the information that they want to portion without any jobs and so utilize the information good.

A Sociological Understanding of Moral Panic

A Sociological Understanding of Moral Panic A moral panic is a widespread fear, most often an irrational one, that someone or something is a threat to the values, safety, and interests of a community or society at large. Typically, a moral panic is perpetuated by the news media, fueled by politicians, and often results in the passage of new laws or policies that target the source of the panic. In this way, moral panic can foster increased social control. Moral panics are often centered around people who are marginalized in society due to their race or ethnicity, class, sexuality, nationality, or religion. As such, a moral panic often draws on known stereotypes and reinforces them. It can also exacerbate the real and perceived differences and divisions between groups of people. Moral panic is well known in the sociology of deviance and crime and is related to the labeling theory of deviance. Stanley Cohens Theory of Moral Panics The phrase moral panic and the development of the sociological concept is credited to the late South African sociologist Stanley Cohen (1942–2013). Cohen introduced the social theory of moral panic in his 1972 book titled Folk Devils and Moral Panics. In the book, Cohen describes how the British public reacted to the rivalry between the mod and rocker youth subcultures of the 1960s and 70s. Through his study of these youth and the media and public reaction to them, Cohen developed a theory of moral panic that outlines five stages of the process. The Five Stages and Key Players of Moral Panics First, something or someone is perceived and defined as a threat to social norms and the interests of the community or society at large. Second, the news media and community members depict the threat in simplistic, symbolic ways that quickly become recognizable to the greater public. Third, widespread public concern is aroused by the way news media portrays the symbolic representation of the threat. Fourth, the authorities and policymakers respond to the threat, be it real or perceived, with new laws or policies. In the final stage, the moral panic and the subsequent actions of those in power lead to social change in the community. Cohen suggested that there are five key sets of actors involved in the process of moral panic. They are the threat that incites the moral panic, which Cohen referred to as folk devils, and the enforcers of rules or laws, like institutional authority figures, police, or armed forces. The news media plays its role by breaking the news about the threat and continuing to report on it, thereby setting the agenda for how it is discussed and attaching visual symbolic images to it. Enter politicians, who respond to the threat and sometimes fan the flames of the panic, and the public, which develops a focused concern about the threat and demands action in response to it. The Beneficiaries of Social Outrage Many sociologists have observed that those in power ultimately benefit from moral panics, since they lead to increased control of the population and the reinforcement of the authority of those in charge. Others have commented that moral panics offer a mutually beneficial relationship between news media and the state. For the media, reporting on threats that become moral panics increases viewership and makes money for news organizations. For the state, the creation of a moral panic can give it cause to enact legislation and laws that would seem illegitimate without the perceived threat at the center of the moral panic. Examples of Moral Panics There have been many moral panics throughout history, some quite notable.  The Salem witch trials, which took place throughout colonial Massachusetts in 1692, are an oft-mentioned example of this phenomenon. Women who were social outcasts faced accusations of witchcraft after local girls were afflicted with unexplained fits. Following the initial arrests, accusations spread to other women in the community who expressed doubt about the claims or who responded to them in ways deemed improper or inappropriate. This particular moral panic served to reinforce and strengthen the social authority of local religious leaders, since witchcraft was perceived to be a threat to Christian values, laws, and order. More recently, some sociologists have framed the War on Drugs of the 1980s and 90s as an outcome of moral panic. News media attention to drug use, particularly use of crack cocaine among the urban black underclass, focused public attention on drug use and its relationship to delinquency and crime. The public concern generated through news reporting on this topic, including a feature in which then-First Lady Nancy Reagan participated in a drug raid, shored up voter support for drug laws that penalized the poor and working classes while ignoring drug use among the middle and upper classes. Many sociologists attribute the policies, laws, and sentencing guidelines connected to the War on Drugs with increased policing of poor urban neighborhoods and incarceration rates of residents of those communities. Additional moral panics include public attention to welfare queens, the notion that poor black women are abusing the social services system while enjoying lives of luxury. In reality, welfare fraud is not very common, and no one racial group is more likely to commit it. There is also moral panic around a so-called gay agenda that threatens the American way of life when members of the LGBTQ community simply want equal rights. Lastly, after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Islamophobia, surveillance laws, and racial and religious profiling grew from the fear that all Muslims, Arabs, or brown people overall are dangerous because the terrorists who targeted the World Trade Center and the Pentagon had that background. In fact, many acts of domestic terrorism have been committed by non-Muslims. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Aristotle rhetoric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aristotle rhetoric - Research Paper Example An overall belief of Aristotle in respect to rhetoric is that it can help in the defense of justice and truth, produce persuasion towards the individuals with limited intellectual audience with less demonstrative intellectual comprehension (Gross & Walzer, 2000). The last effect of its application is that it will ensure that all the sides are considered. In practice, there are three factors that contribute to the rhetoric and these include the individual character, the emotional induction in the audience by the speaker and the convincing power in the arguments presented. Political process is a critical aspect of the society that uses this concept to achieve its goals. In the view of Aristotle, the personal character presents a notion of credibility or otherwise to the public. The different genres of rhetoric include; Forensic rhetoric which is mainly aimed at persuading an audience that a particular action which was taken in the past was just. Deliberative rhetoric is primarily aimed at making the audience believe that a future action that is about to be taken will be beneficial (Kennedy, 2011). The Epideictic rhetoric on the hand mainly aims at making people see that a particular subject or person is noble In regard to the ethical concerns and social responsibility related to justice in rhetoric, politicians seek to establish the harmfulness of a particular course of action or propose its expediency. In other words, he will urge the public to take his side of thought on a given agenda. However, the challenge is that, in legal cases, the accuser may be denied an otherwise outright justice due to the ability of the accused to manipulate thought of the hearing committee. This the same case with politicians who may manipulate their way to elective posts on mere lies provided they convince the public. Like parties in a law-case, there is a need to establish justice or otherwise in any given action. Whichever the side the

Asda Stores - Internal communications Assignment

Asda Stores - Internal communications - Assignment Example It does this to build trust in the organization. Townley (1994) and Caruth et al. (1995) both emphasize on the importance of providing stakeholders and staff with enough information in order to avoid cases of mistrust and build staff morale. Benefits of transparent communication in an organisation It gives the staff a clear picture of picture of their tasks and the subsequent outcome. This in turn helps to build their morale and motivation to put more effort to their tasks. Transparent communication makes the staff feel part of the organization or have a sense of ownership. Asda has greatly tapped into this in ensuring that the colleagues feel like the owners of the store. Transparency in communication also ensures that in case of problems at work the manager or owner will be freely informed therefore avoid incidents that can easily be solved. The staff could also bring in their individual suggestions and ideas to foresee the success of the store. The store will therefore be able to enjoy a greater contribution of ideas. Distinction between internal and external communication is another strategy Asda uses in its communication as well as maintaining regular and frequent communication among the staff (Boxall 2003, p. 13). Media Used in Communication in the Organisation 1. Employee Branding Miles and Mangold (2004) define employee branding as the act by which employees of a particular organization internalize the organization’s trademark and project the same to customers and the entire public. Employee branding works well where the employees or colleagues as referred to by Asda willingly make an emotional connection with the store’s products by deciding to be part and parcel of all the store’s ventures. Successful employee branding leads to increase in number of customers and eventually increased sales and profits. Employees need to like a particular brand in order for them to effectively connect with it and decide to be branded using the same . Artain and Schumann (2006) came up with thirteen points that are important to note about employee branding. These are discussed below. The organization’s promise to its employees The organisation has to explain what is in store for the employees. For instance, the benefits could be accumulated by the decision of employees to be part of the organization. This will help the employees to be motivated to work for the organization. Business Strategy Employees must have complete information of the organizations plan of action. They must fully understand the goals, objectives and strategies that the company wishes to adopt. The organizations expectation from its employees is also critical to be known in advance for effective branding. Doing this will help the employees decide whether this is what they want to experience through their professional life (Enz & Siguaw 2000, p. 54). Customers Employees should know how the organization wants them to treat the customers. For example, ma nagers should take lead by example when it comes to treating customers with respect and high esteem. Employees’ tasks: The company should lay down in advance what is expected from the employees for example the mode of action, dressing, and working hours among others. The company should also invest in ensuring that employees fully understand what the brand is all about. Connection of what happens outside the organisation and what happens inside: The organisation must find a way to

Sex,Slavery And Human Trafficking

Sex,Slavery And Human Trafficking In some cases, sex slavery and human trafficking are connected to one another. Human trafficking is the practice of being tricked, lured, coerced, or otherwise removed from their home or country. In most instances, human trafficking of women and children had led them to being sexually exploited by traffickers. It is believed that more people are being trafficked across the border against their will now then at any point in the past. Adult victims are lured into this hidden industry with false promises of good jobs in other countries, false marriage proposals, or kidnapped. Children are also kidnapped into the sex industry, sold by their own families, and at times families are manipulated into selling their children. Traffickers would tell parents or family members that the children would have a brighter future if they left their families. Families believed that these traffickers would take their children and teach them a good trade to ensure their future, or be educated. But in reality, women and children are sold to brothels and held captive. Victims are kept in deplorable conditions, beaten, raped, and threatened. Medical care does not exist for those victims and many are exposed to deadly sexually transmitted diseases. History Viviene Cree (2008) wrote that women and children are especially vulnerable to sex trafficking because of their experience of powerlessness, poverty, gender-based discrimination, and the history of sexual and physical violence. Unfortunately, human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is not something that happened overnight. History has shown us that the selling and using of the human body for sexual gratification was happening then and practice is continuing today. While searching for some information on the history of sex slavery, we found several academic articles that dealt with the owning of women and children for sexual use. Yaron Ben-Naeh (2006) wrote that from the 16th to the 19th century, female slaves were kept in Jewish household during the Ottoman Empire. The slaves that were being kept in these households were of Slavic origins captured during the Ottoman Campaign, or by their Tator collaborators in Eastern Europe. Because these slaves were of Slavic origins, the documented physical descriptions of these slaves were that they had fair colored hair and light colored eyes. Females were sought out for their domestic skills, strength, and their obedience. It was also suggested that the slaves were considered as beautiful objects that were present in the household. Court records, from that period, listed a wide range of prices of slaves. Prices were given according to the slaves physical attributes, skills, appearance, age, and the length of service agreed upon. These females were not only used for domestic servitude, but some were used as concubines to the males of the households, usually the master o f the domain. Sexual relationships with their masters were part of the slaves domestic duties. There was some documentation that female slaves were freed from their owners, if they were loyal and obedient. It was also written that some slaves mentioned in the wills of their deceased masters. Sometimes these slaves were left some money or items in the will. Some slaves are transferred to different family members or sold to neighbors when their owners passed away. It was not uncommon for some female slaves to be married off to family members, relatives, or friends. Children of the female slave, if they converted to Judaism and the Jewish owner acknowledged paternity, were legitimate heir and were legally allowed to their fathers inheritance. Viviene Cree (2008) wrote that public concern about human trafficking is not new. In the 19th and the 20th century, organizations were put together to stop the trafficking of human beings. One of these organizations was The National Vigilance Association (NVA), which was launched on August 1885 in London, UK. The purpose of the organization was to undertake private prosecution and alert the police to the infringements of the newly passes Criminal Law Act. The main provisions were: *1. It became an offense to procure a woman under 21 years of age for prostitution. *2. The age of sexual consent was raised from 13 years to 16 years *3. Anyone who detained a women or a girl for the purpose of unlawful sex, in an brothel or other premise. *4. Financial penalties or imprisonment were imposed on anyone found guilty of keeping, managing, assisting, owning, or renting out premises used as a brothel or for the purpose of prostitution. In the beginning, the organization was focused on local activities in their area. For instance, prostitutes were blamed for the declining health of the nation and the armed forces. The NVA created campaigns to eradicate prostitution. To accomplish this task, members investigated brothels, dance halls, and dangerous houses. Members of the organization were able to remove women and children whom they believed were at risk. At the end of the 19th century, the NVAs executive committee formed the International Bureaus British National Committee to handle international activities. In 1921, the League of Nations took over the responsibilities of the International Bureau and combined their forces with the NVA on seeking agreements between countries on the repatriation on prostitutes, on the traffic of women and children, and on the abolition of licensed houses (regulated brothels), and on the assistance of expelled foreign prostitutes. The organization targeted the white slave trade, which dealt with child prostitution and the entrapment and removal of white British girls from overseas brothels. The panic was over the kidnapping of innocent (white) girls who were being forced into the life of prostitution. Socialist believed that prostitution, at that time, was the inevitable by-product of capitalism. Women had to use their bodies because the economic structure did not offer women legitimate opportunities of earning a wage. Another part of history has shown us that war was another excuse used to violate womens bodies, such as trafficking women across to the battlefield to service soldiers. The comfort women use by the Imperial Japanese Army during WWII, was one of the most extreme forms of institutionalized forms of violence against women. It was institutionalized because the Japanese military felt that if they set up brothel stations it would reduce the amount of rapes. Until recently, the comfort women of WWII have been silent and lost in the written pages of history books. The military called these women military comfort women to disguise the horrific nature and true purpose of these women. In December 1991, Korean women had started to come forward claiming to be comfort women and exposing sexual crimes committed against them by the Japanese army during the war. Pyong Gap Min wrote that the victimization of Korean Comfort Movement has three major components: (1) their being forced into military sexua l slavery, (2) their suffering inside military brothels, and (3) their half-century of agonizing experiences after their return home. These women came forward because they felt that they deserved any official apology from the Japanese government. They also were seeking compensation, prosecution of offenders and war criminals, proper education of the public on the nature of this war crime, a rewritten history of war crimes in the textbooks to include the sexual violations, and memorial tablets for the deceased comfort women. Young girls, between the ages of 14 to 17, were taken off the streets by Japanese soldiers and were forced to service an average of thirty to forty soldiers a day. George Hicks wrote in his book, The Comfort Women: Japans Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War that these women were rotated between some many men that their pudenda grew swollen and inflamed, and they were constantly attempting to gain relief by applying cold towels. Hicks also mention, that women were taught tricks of the trade by maximizing time and effort. They were taught to douche between rapes, or hurriedly apply cotton wool soaked in disinfectant. As supplies started to run low, the women had to reuse condoms by rinsing them off between uses. These girls were made to service in military brothels established in China and other Asian and Pacific countries during the Asian and Pacific War (1932-1945). The girls came from Korean, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Europea n women were also used by the military. These women were of Dutch, taken from prisoner of war camps in Indonesia. The estimate numbers of women taking and transported across the battlefield was about 200,000, and less than 30 percent survived to the end of the war. Korean women made up the higher percentage of the women taking, about 80 percent of the total population of comfort women. The Japanese army divided the women according to race, class, nationality, and the ranks of the officers they were made to service. Korean women and Asian women were taken an advantaged of by the lower class soldiers. Japanese and European women were saved for the upper class officers of the military. Korean women were treated more cruelly than Japanese women, mainly because of Japaneses colonization of Korea. It was not until recently, that the Japanese government would not acknowledge the use of comfort women during WWII. For years, Japan had denied the recruitment and transportation of these women. On January 16, 1992, Yoshimi Yoshiaki, a Japanese history professor, discovered documents found information about the military comfort women in the library of Japans Self Defense Force in Japan. Finally, with the discovery of documentation and victims stepping forward, Japan admitted to this part of their history and issued a formal apology in August of 1993 with no compensation. Instead the government solicited donations from their citizens and put the funds into the Asian Movement Fund. By doing this, the government avoided any legal and financial responsibilities. Another war that contributed to the trafficking of females to service male soldiers was during the Vietnam War. During the war, the Thai government received billions of dollars in military and economic aid because of its alignment with the United States (Ratchada Jayagupta (2009). In exchange, the Thai government authorized 700,000 U.S military troops in north-eastern and eastern Thailand. Because of the increase of foreign men coming into their areas, criminal networks started to recruit females from costal towns of Pattaya and Bangkok for sexual services. These women were used to service military men on their leave time. To help facilitate the migration process, immediate family member of the women, locals, and traffickers would be involved in the transportation. When the U.S government withdraw its troops from Thailand, which did not stop sex tourism in Thailand. As a matter of fact, by 1982 tourism had become Thailands top foreign exchange earner. In most cases involving crime and criminal activities, the males exploitations of females was/is for the purpose of sexual gratification and for profit. In the animal kingdom, some species exploit their females not for the purpose of satisfying their lust but to ensure the continuation of the species. One of these animals is a species of copepods, called a sea louse. The sea louse males start recruiting females by giving off a chemical smell that females find irresistible. The female would follow the chemical trail that lead up to the males lair. When she gets close enough, the male would capture her and bring her inside the lair. The male would repeat the same procedure for the next three months until he has enough females. The male sea louse can have up to three dozens females in his harem. He will line all the females in a row in his tunnel to monitor them closely. When the females begin to molt, he will then mate with each of them. The females will sacrifice their lives in order for their offspring s to survive. Each female will become swollen with eggs, and when it is time those eggs will hatch. It takes a lot of energy to hold such a large number of young in her shell. By the time the young are ready to be born, she will died of exhaustion. Profits Money is the incentive of most crime and criminal activities. Unfortunately, sex slavery or human trafficking is a highly profitable underground industry. Rachada Jayagupta (2009) believes the human trafficking has now become the third largest criminal activity in the world, next to drugs and arms trafficking. Jennifer Ludden (2009) wrote that human trafficking is the second largest illicit business in the World after drugs. After narcotics and arms sales, trafficking is estimated to be the largest source of revenue for organized crime (U.S. Department of State 2004). Trafficking of human beings is such a lucrative business, that it profits are estimated to be in the billions every year. The selling of the human body is considered more profitable than drugs. In 1990, the trafficking of human, mostly for prostitution, generated an annual profit between $1.9 billion and $3.2 billion Canadian (Janet Bagnall (2002). Drugs are sold and used once, but the body of the person can be used and sold over and over again. Women, who are sold into prostitution, can be earners for their pimp for years. Most of the money that these women make goes directly to the hands of their pimps, with little or nothing going to the victims. On February 5, 2010, The Sun reported that an Irish Pimp, who ran a multi-million euro prostitution ring in Wales, was sentenced to seven years in prison. Thomas Carroll, his wife Shamiela Clark, and his daughter Toma Carroll, were all sentence for trafficking women and forcing them into prostitution. The girls, who would charge their clients 250 euro for an hour, had to lodge their earning into Toma Carrolls account. Carroll would than transfer the money to her fathers account. In 2006, 111,000 euros was deposited, 113 million euro was deposited in 2007, and 500,000 was lodged by September 2009. Trafficked women retain little or nothing of the money they earn. Women and children of these sex industries are immediately discarded when they no longer become attractive to their potential clients, or are no longer profitable to their pimps. In Cambodia, children are considered commodities, and are often tortured and killed when they have outlived their usefulness. Another reason for the short lifespan of these victims is they are more susceptible to diseases. With inadequate health care and poor hygiene, many victims are infected by AIDS and other transmitted diseases. Victims are giving drugs and rape repeatedly by their captures to break their wills and prevent them from escaping. These captures would usually be the first to rape their victims, in order to give them lessons on how to please their clients. If these trafficked women or girls do no meet the quota or the requirements to satisfy the clients, they would be quickly sold off to another person or brothel. Women and children are also given drugs so they can earn more money by taking on more clients. Some women and girls choose to take methamphetamines, in order to endure the physical and mental pain. They also take the drugs to be able to take on more clients. Kuntea Pang, left her home in Kampong Cham, to find her sister in the city. When she arrived there, a woman and said that she would help Kuntea find her sister. Instead, this woman brought her to a brothel and gave her methamphetamines. The drug made her not want to eat and not want to sleep, qualities that are desirable in sex worke rs. The methamphetamine also made Kuntea forget what happened to her as she was being held captive. When women and children are discarded, new recruits must take her place in the sex industry. Traffickers target victims according to the taste of their customers. In Thailand, young virgins in the sex tourism industry are considered a prize commodity. Virgins are prized because of their youth, inexperience, and the lack of sexually transmitted disease. Child virgins are especially prized because of their beauty and lack of sexual transmitted diseases. Larry Hilblom, the founder of DHL courier service, was one of those people who preferred the innocent of children. Generic testing had confirmed that he fathered at least four children from three Pacific Rim countries (Scheer, 1997). Shared Hope International (SHI), a non-profit group, undertook a 12 month long operation of commercial sexual exploitation in Jamaica, Japan, Netherlands, and the United States. SHI revealed a sophisticated business model for the sex tourism and sex trafficking. They compared this business with being in a m all. In a mall, buyers are able to choose from a variety of human products of different ages and different colors. David Hodge wrote that traffickers increase their market by being able to provide younger and younger females to be used for prostitution. The United States Central Intelligence Agency, estimates that traffickers can earn about $250,000 for each trafficked women. Child pornography is another type of sex industry that has become highly profitable for pimps and child sex operators. Child pornography includes magazines, videos, photographs, books, pictures, audiotapes, motion pictures, and images on the Web that show children in sexually explicit acts. Barri Flowers (2001) said, Some children are forced into child pornography by pimps and operators of sex rings or sex tourism, where they turn into sex slaves. In Germany, the sales of child porn are estimated to exceed $250 million. The biggest consumer of child porn comes from the United States, with their numbers to be about 6 million dollars annually. Eighty-five percent of the worldwide sales of pornography come from America (Flowers, 2001). So how much does a human body cost in this underground economy? The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) gave an example of how profitable the selling of human being is. They used the example of a girl who was kidnapped in the village of Nepal. This girl would be trafficked to India and sold for $1000 and then trafficked into the United States and sold for $20,000. Janet Bagnall from the Gazette, wrote that young girls from Nepal are sold at the Indian border for four dollars. They are then sold a second time to brothel owners in Bombay for $500 to $1000. These girls would not be able to leave the brothels until their purchase price has been paid off. The purchase price plus interest would be a debt that these Nepali girls must pay off, which might stretch on indefinitely. The United Nation estimates that human traffickers can earn about 10 billion dollars per year, and the average sale price for a slave is $12,500. Globalization Traffickers, pimps, organized groups have found another way to increase their profit margins. Instead of staying within their own countries, these opportunists have found a way to take their industry globally. By being able to transport women and children to a wider range, they are able to supply a larger clientele. Criminal gangs have started trafficking their victims to area where they believe there will be a high demand for sexual services, such as rock concerts, football games, and other major sporting events. During the World Cup games in 2006, there was an increase of sex trafficking to meet the demand for commercial sex during that event. It is estimated that more than 40,000 women and children were transported to Germany for the month long event. Many victims were placed in mega brothel, quickie shacks, and other underground networks that existed in Germany during that time. The Internet has made it especially easy for clients to find their victims in other countries. Technological advances have made it possible for a much broader, international group of consumers to travel long distances to have sex with minors in the 20th and the 21st century. The Internet is highly unregulated and the fastest growing communication network in the world. In just a matter of minutes, a man can book a plane ticket, get a hotel, and reserve the body of a female all in the comfort and privacy of his own home. Donna Hughes said that advertisements and endorsements for sex tourism, mail order brides, brothels, strip bars, and escort services are openly and easily found on the World Wide Web. Men are able to go onto internet discussion groups and find information on the sex industry. They are able to find names of brothels in other countries, information on the price of women and girls. Descriptions on sex tours found in The World Sex Guide would have information on hotel pric es, taxi services, telephone numbers, cost of alcohol, what kinds of sex act that can be bought, the price for each act, and the comments about the women. In 1995, an American man who operated Pimps R Us, organized a sex tour to the Dominican Republic. The tour was four days and three nights and included oral sex from a prostitute chosen by the tour guide. As of 1996, 25 companies in the United States offer sex tours to other countries. These packaged deals will include plane tickets, accommodations, ground transportation, local guide, and the promise of sexual encounters with local girls. One U.S based sex tour operator promises customer that they will never sleep alone in this tour. Women and children are trafficked everyday to underdeveloped and developed countries. It is not uncommon for women and children to be trafficked from countries that have economic and political problems. The flow of the trafficked is from poorer to richer countries. From Latin America to the United States and Western Europe, from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, the Middle East, Japan, North America; from Africa to Europe; from Nepal to India; from Burma, Cambodia, and Vietnam to Thailand; from Thailand to Japan and Australia (Baird, 2007). Many of the women and girls are taken and trafficked into the commercial sex industry. The United Nation (UN) believes that the victim of trafficking spans the globe, from 127 countries to be exploited in 137 countries. Most of the slaves come from Albania, Belarus, China, Romania, Russia, and Thailand. They are then trafficked to destinations such as Asia, western Europe, North America, and the Middle East. It is estimated that as many as half of the 100,000 women and children working in brothels in Bombay came from Nepal (Wilson, 1997). Since the 1990s, girls are being trafficked to Thailand from neighboring countries. These countries are Myanmar, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Yunnan Province in China. Women and girls are trafficked from Cambodia primary from Vietnam. The victims are brought from Cambodia and sent to brothels in Phnom Penh to work. Some Cambodians are transported out to other countries like Thailand, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. The regions with substantial child trafficking burdens include West Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and Latin America (Beyrer 2004). In Quebec, organized crime network can recruit and transport Russian women from their homes and into Quebec message parlors with 3 weeks. Foreign tourists who travel to these countries come from fairly rich, developed countries. A large number of foreign sex tourists are males from wealthy industrialized countries like the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Australia, France, and Japan. A high number of tourists come from the Unites States. Each year foreign travelers from predominantly Western countries pump billions of dollars into the economies of developing nations when they purchase sexual services (Andrews, 2004). Foreigners feel that paying for sex with a female or male is part of the travel experience. It is hard to estimate how many foreign tourists frequent these Southeast Asian countries because many tourists evade arrest in these countries that they commit the crimes. Child sex tourist face little fear of being caught because there is a relatively low risk of being prosecuted in the countries that they committed their criminal act. Police corruption and the government turning a blind eye is another rea son these men get away with their crimes. Most developing nations have little incentive for domestic enforcement because tourism is one of the main driving forces behind their economies (Andrews, 2004). It is very difficult for victims to seek help from institutions that were mandated to protect people; instead these institutions also become the puppets of organized gangs. Some peace officers are paid to look the other way by pimps, organized gangs, or traffickers. Corrupt law enforcement officials are giving bribes or sexual services in return for not arresting pimps or brothel owners (Andrews, 2004). In Cambodia, Dr. Kek Galabru, president of a human rights group, said that public official profit greatly from protection of child sex trade and that they themselves are frequent patrons of the brothels where the children are sold. Sri, a fourteen year old girl from Thailand, was sold to a brothel owned by an investment club. The members of this club were business and professional men , government bureaucrats, and local politicians. These men would leave the management of the brothel to pimps and a bookkeeper, to keep their hands clean. When Sri tried to run away from the brothel, a policeman found her and brought her back to her pimp. Slave trade requires the direct or indirect involvement of national governments (Kapstein, 2006). Since the profits are so high, traffickers have plenty of money to pay off government officials and local law enforcement. The U.S House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary said, sex tourists often escape prosecution in the host countries, because of factors ranging from ineffective law enforcement, lack of resources, corruption and immature legal system. Sex slavery is not only happening in other countries, but also in the United States. In the United States, brothels are operating as legitimate message parlors, spas, and acupuncture clinics. The U.S. Department of Justice prosecuted 555 people for human trafficking between 2001 and 2005, of those cases 129 cases involved child sex trafficking. The State Department revealed that 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States every year against their will. Shared Hope International and the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimated that every year 100,000 underage girls are forced or lured into the world of prostitution. Las Vegas is one city where minor sex trafficking is happening in large numbers. Children are being trafficked to Las Vegas from all over the United States. Interstates and expressways are making it easier for pimps to transport their victims across state lines. Truck drivers are recruited to drive minors to different states and deposit them to truck stops. CV rad ios become a very useful tool for truck drivers and sex workers to find each other. Sex workers would announce that they are available by letting the drivers know what channel she is on. If a driver is interested, he would tell the prostitute where he is located and what color is house is. Truck stops are the perfect place for hidden crimes to happen because they are isolated and out of the public and law enforcement view. United States Department of State Report The major source, The U.S. Department of States annual Trafficking in Persons (TIP) annual report, is utilize to determine the trafficking efforts from various countries and to connect it to foreign assistance that performs in that region (Schuckman, p. 85). The report is arranged from Tier 1 to be most compliant to Tier 3 as noncompliant (McKinney, 2009): Tier 1: Countries that fully comply with the acts minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. Tier 2: Countries that do not fully comply with the minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance. Tier 2: Watch List: Countries on Tier 2 requiring special scrutiny because of high or significantly increasing number of victims; failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking in persons; or an assessment as Tier 2 based on commitments to take action over the next year. Tier 3: Countries that neither satisfy the minimum standards nor demonstrate a significant effort to come into compliance. Countries in this tier are subject to potential non-humanitarian and non-trade sanctions. Italy According to U.S. Department TIP for June 2009, Italy has a Tier 1 status. However, Italy is one of many countries that traffickers harbor and transport women and children internationally for sexual exploitation. Women and children are trafficked for forced prostitution mainly from Nigeria, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Albania, and Ukraine but also from Russia, South America, North and East Africa, the Middle East, China, and Uzbekistan (McKinney, 2009). According to the NGO statistics, there are two-thirds of the ninety percent of illegal foreign seasonal workers in Italy. This provides a larger opportunity for traffickers to prey on these victims. Moreover, these traffickers make it difficult for law enforcements to track the victims by constantly rotating these victims from various cities for a short period of a time. Even with the challenges, the Italian Government will continue to comply with the limited regulations to stop human trafficking. The Government of Italy is not showing mercy when traffickers are prosecuted and convicted. Italy abides by the 2003 Measures Against Trafficking in Persons law. This law provides the convicted a sentence of eight to twenty years of imprisonment, punishment equivalent to other grave offenses (US Senate Subcommittee, 2000). If the convicted was charged for trafficking for forced labor, then other laws will be used. Incomplete data for 2008 show the government investigated 2,221 individuals, arrested 316, prosecuted 480 trafficking suspects, and convicted 225 trafficking offenders, compared to 163 convicted for the same time frame in 2007 (US Senate Subcommittee, 2000). According to NGO ECPAT, roughly 80,000 Italian men travel to Kenya, Thailand, Brazil, Latin America, and the Czech Republic for sex tourism annually. In May 2008, an Italian male committed an offense both Thailand and Cambodia for child sex tourism. The Government sentenced him a total of fourteen years of imprisonment. The Italian Government not only offers punishment, but also protection for the victims. According to Article 18, anit-trafficking law allows authorities to grant residence permits and provide protection and job training services to victims of trafficking. Also, Article 13 provides for six months assistance to victims. With these assistance provided, these victims will have some hope for independence and begin a new life. Another benefit provided for victims is that they are not generally penalized if they file complaints against their traffickers. This will assist in more prosecutions and encourages victims to become proactive. Russia According to the U.S. State Department TIP June 2009 report, Russian ranks Tier 2-watch list. This is alarming. According to Schuckman, the activists that work for human rights, international, and humanitarian organizations, argue that countries that are technically in Tier 3 are granted a higher Tier 2-watch list as a diplomatic gesture. Nevertheless, Russia continues to be an origin as a transit and destination country for

Acquaintance Rape

Running Head: ACQUAINTANCE RAPE Acquaintance Rape: It Could Happen To Anyone Abstract Anyone can be a victim of acquaintance rape. It does not matter if the victim is male or female, old or young; it can still happen. Just by being at a party full of friends or even going on a date with a significant other, everyone is at risk. It is never the victims fault. There is no possible way to know when or to whom it will happen. Acquaintance Rape: It Could Happen To Anyone We are taught â€Å"don’t get raped†, rather than â€Å"don’t rape. † Rape is defined as an act of sexual intercourse without legal consent (Harrison, 1996, p. ). The word rape is derived from the Latin word rapere, meaning to steal, seize, or carry away (Katz & Mazur, 1979, p. 10). There is more than one type of rape; they are all considered rape, but by different standards. For example, acquaintance rape refers to rape by a person known to the victim. Statutory rape means that one of the part ies involved is under the â€Å"age of consent†, which varies from the ages of 14 all the way up to 20. Rape by deception is getting the victim to agree under false pretenses. Regardless of which type it may be, it is all considered rape.In America, a rape occurs every six minutes (Keller, 1996, p. 312). Rape is rape, whether it is by a complete stranger or by someone known to the victim. There are some common questions people think about when discussing the topic of rape, such as: How can I tell who is a rapist and who is not? What kinds of people get raped? Do the victims know their attackers or are they strangers? Can men get raped? Are women rapists too? Who is to blame, the victim or the attacker? Is it still rape if I am in a relationship with the person? Why are women the weaker or ‘safer’ target?Is rape justifiable? Do they deserve it? How can we eliminate rape? Unfortunately, there is no way to tell who is a rapist and who is not just by looking at the p erson. It could be a boyfriend, a teacher, a friend, a classmate, or even just someone who lives next door. Even though there is no way to physically determine who is a rapist and who is not, there are certain behaviors that they portray that can make it easier to spot them. One of the main goals of the attacker is to increase the victim’s vulnerability. If the victim is vulnerable then she will be easier to control.The attackers use the vulnerability to their advantage; they may manipulate the victim to be alone with them, in which case it would be easier to rape them. Because of her personal relationship with the attacker, however casual, it often takes a woman longer to perceive an action as rape when it involved a man she knows than it does when a stranger assaults her. Acquaintance rape could happen to anyone. There is not a certain type of person that gets raped. Many people believe that women who wear provocative, or revealing, attire or women that are a â€Å"teaseâ €  are more likely to get raped than people who dress and act more modestly.A â€Å"tease†, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, means to tantalize especially by arousing desire or curiosity often without intending to satisfy it. But the truth is, it does not matter what the victim is wearing or the manner in which they are acting it can still happen. When most people hear the word rape, it is believed to be by a big guy in an alley that is going to rape and beat them. Just by going to a friend’s house or going to a party surrounded by peers there is a greater risk of getting raped there than by a random stranger on the street.Most acquaintance rapes happen on college campuses, thirty-eight percent of women who had been raped were between the ages of 14 and 17 at the time of their assaults (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 117). In a survey of 32 college campuses, 1 in 4 women surveyed were victims of rape or attempted rape. Of those raped, eighty-four percent knew their attacker (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 11). Men and women are four times more likely to get raped by someone they know rather than a stranger. Seventy to eighty percent of rape crimes are acquaintance rapes (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 2). Many people do not believe that men can get raped, or that women could be rapists. Usually men are raped by other men, but there are some instances where women do rape men. Women rape children more than grown men. It has been calculated that approximately ten percent of victims going to rape centers are males even though men are far less likely to actually seek help or even admit it was rape (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 98). But men are not immune, sixteen percent of male college students admit to having been forced into rape (Keller, 1996, p. 312).Most of the time when men are raped, it is by people they do not know in order to establish power and masculinity when there is no other way to express power (Hopkins, 1984, p. 46). Ninety-eight point seven percent of all rapists are male, but of those only eighty percent are over the age of 21 (Harrison, 1996). But men can still be raped by people know to them also. Most male rapes are heterosexual rapes. When men rape it is because they are trying to establish dominance. Rape is not the unleashing of male desire; it is rather the articulation of male meaning (Hopkins, 1984, p. 42).In acquaintance rapes, many people believe that since the attacker is known to the victim then is not really considered rape. Many acquaintance rapes happen because of miscommunication. The man may think that the woman was suggesting or hinting at sex with her attire or actions; whereas, the woman may have no idea that the man feels that way. It is not the victim that causes the rape (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 22). Many people believe that the women could have prevented the rape if they knew who the attacker was. The truth is there is no way to determine who is going to get raped; only the attacker knows.Mo st people have a â€Å"gut feeling† when it comes to new people, and many just push it aside until something bad happens, and then the feeling comes back again. If a woman goes on a date or is with friends and they get that â€Å"gut feeling† again, then it could possibly end badly. People do not know what is going to happen to them every second of their lives. There is no way to know who it will happen to or when it will occur and by whom. An evening planned with friends could all go awry without any warning. A victim usually doesn’t think that someone they know would even consider raping them.So the attacker is to blame because they are the ones who planned it. In a relationship, if the significant other says ‘no’ it is still considered rape if the attacker proceeds. Most people don’t think that rapes occur between people in a relationship. Men have been taught that women resist sex to avoid looking â€Å"promiscuous† by indulging in casual and indiscriminate sexual relationships. Men think that women will always say â€Å"no† even if they really mean â€Å"yes†; many women want a strong dominant leader, some men take advantage of this.Sex to men can become an addiction which can cause them to thrive after it. Sex may become a need instead of a pleasure. If a man’s main focus is sex then it is easier to rape and not consider it as so. Many men have resorted to using violence to get what they want, and it may not be with any form of weapon, but men are generally larger and stronger than females. Seventy-one percent of rape victims report the use of a weapon (Harrison, 1996). If women have been in an abusive relationship it may be harder to admit it was rape due to the fear they already have towards their partner.After being in an abusive relationship, the woman may become desensitized. Desensitization means to decrease the abnormal fear in (a person) of a situation or object, by exposing him to it either in reality or in his imagination. Once the woman starts to desensitize, it may become easier for the man to rape her because she may not fight back as much because it is the type of behavior she may be used to from the relationship. If the attacker is a former partner then the man may not consider it rape because he is establishing â€Å"old rights†.If the couple had sex in their relationship and then broke up then the man feels that he should still get sex from her. He may not only want to have sex though, he might want a relationship again and think that having sex will mean that she wants him back. He may just be trying to get back at her if she is the one who ended the relationship in the first place. Most women would not have gone back out with the person if they were able to clearly recognize it was rape in the first place (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 64).Eighty-four percent of men who had committed rape said that what they did was â€Å"definitely not rapeà ¢â‚¬  (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 90). Women are the â€Å"safer† target for attackers because they are less likely to report the rape, especially if the attacker is known to the victim. There are anywhere between five hundred twenty-five thousand to two million additional rapes are believed to go unreported every year (Harrison, 1996). Women are unknowingly taught to be â€Å"safe† targets. Many women are thought of as passive and weak so that is what they believe, so when a situation arises they do not know what to do.Seven main reactions that victims have which classify them as â€Å"safe† victims are denial, dissociation, self-blame, ignoring the â€Å"little voice†, not fighting back, not reporting the attack, and becoming a victim again (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 54-63). In a study done on acquaintance rape victims forty-two percent of women who were raped said they had sex again with the men who assaulted them (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 63). Acquainta nce rape has become more frequent in today’s society. Rapes between men and women who know each other are happening in big cities, small towns, and rural areas.They occur among all ethnic and religious groups, regardless of education or wealth. Many of the rapes are rooted in the social behavior men and women learn (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 35). Society’s attitude is that if a person dresses provocatively or is under the influence of drugs or alcohol, then the victim must endure the consequences of their actions. â€Å"In the majority of rapes, the victim was promiscuous or had a bad reputation (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 45). † When a woman is drinking, even if she is not drunk, some men believe that the rape is justifiable because â€Å"good girls† do not drink.About seventy-five percent of men and at least fifty-five percent of women involved in acquaintance rapes had been drinking or taking drugs just before the attack. Forty-five percent of all reporte d rapes involved drugs and/or alcohol: sixty-six percent for alcohol, fourteen percent for drugs, and fifteen percent for both drugs and alcohol (Harrison, 1996). Alcohol and drugs can alter the senses. While on drugs there may be hallucinations or black outs, and with alcohol the brain cells start to slow down and vision starts to become impaired.Men take advantage of these effects. If a woman’s vision is impaired then she will not be able to fully see the attacker which means she cannot identify him. If the woman is blacked out she has no way of even knowing what is happening to her and cannot identify the attacker because she has no memory of what happened during the black out. At a bar it is easy to drink too much and not remember anything. Being raped is not something to take lightly, but if the victim cannot remember anything then it will be harder to believe their story.Attackers do not want to be considered â€Å"rapists† but if the victim does not defend thems elf or say ‘no’ then the attacker does not see it as actual rape. Women under the influence are easier to take advantage of because they will not fight back as much because they may not even know what is happening. Forty percent of men and eighteen percent of women agree that the degree of a woman’s resistance should be the major factor in determining if the rape has occurred (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 6). But with drugs and alcohol a woman may not even be conscious so she would not be able to resist the attack. Research shows that today’s society will go to many lengths to justify rape. Some of these ways are: if the woman invites the man out on the date, the man pays for the date, she dresses â€Å"suggestively† by wearing revealing attire, they go to his place rather than to a movie, or she drinks alcohol or does drugs (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 43). In a study conducted by Martha R.Burt involving 598 Minnesota adults more than fifty percent agreed that if a woman goes to the home or apartment of a man on the first date, then she is implying that she is willing to have sex (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 45). Research shows that men may feel â€Å"led on† or mislead, whereas the woman may not even know that the actions being portrayed as sexual. In Eugene Kanin’s observation, sexually aggressive college men believed that their aggression was justifiable if the woman was â€Å"a tease† (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 45).In a survey of four hundred undergraduate students, fifty percent male and fifty percent female, conducted by Nona J. Barnett showed that seventeen percent of men and four percent of women agreed that when a woman was raped, she was asking for it; also fifty-nine percent of men and thirty-eight percent of women agree that women provoke rape by their appearance or behavior (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 46). Some women may express with their body language, actions, clothing, or words that they are willing t o have sex but later on they may change their mind.When a woman agrees to kissing or other sexual touching a man may feel that she is also willing to have sex, even if she never actually says that she does. If a woman is willing to do sexual things a man may feel that she is willing to have sex. One minute she might be saying yes and then the next she might be saying no and pushing him away. A man in the moment may not think anything of her actions and proceed. But if it happens before the partners have intercourse then these â€Å"mixed signals† may make the man angry, especially if he has already become aroused.Some men assume that if the person has had sex with them before then they are willing to have sex every time. Men are not mind readers; if a woman does not want to have sex then she needs to verbally let him know because he will not know any other way. Some people hope that improving the woman’s ability to clearly communicate what she wants will naturally lead men to understand how to proceed with their actions. This leads us to the common question of â€Å"How can we eliminate acquaintance rape? There is no way to entirely eliminate acquaintance rape, but by changing society’s view of â€Å"don’t get raped† rather than â€Å"don’t rape†, then more people would become aware of the issue and help to lessen the number of victims because of the newfound knowledge of the subject. Women are indeed the weaker sex, but with knowledge of the subject it would be easier to be more aware of the possibilities. If more people are aware, then more people will take precautions. If society’s attitude changed, then it would be easier for women to defend themselves.Women can defend themselves by taking karate classes, Tai kwon do, carrying a weapon, or taking self-defense classes. If women knew about acquaintance rape in more detail and knew that society was not against them, then more women would confess to it. Most women do not report this kind of rape, especially if their attacker is known to them. Acquaintance is the most prevalent rape crime today. Seventy to eighty percent of all rape crimes are acquaintance rapes (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 12). One in four women has been raped. A large selection of men and women believe that some women â€Å"deserve to get raped†.Sometimes the attacker may feel that the victim â€Å"deserved it† or were â€Å"asking for it†. In an interview with Shelby Bengston when the question was asked, â€Å"Do you think it is wrong for a person to be raped because he or she went into the house or vehicle of a friend or acquaintance? † Her response was â€Å"I don’t think it is right, but I do think they were asking for it. † In a protest walk against sexual harassment at Princeton University, as the 200 marchers passed in front of several all-male eating clubs, they had cups of beer hurled at them along with cries of â₠¬Å"Go get raped! † (Warshaw & Koss, 1988, p. 46).Most people won’t come out and say that people â€Å"deserve† to get raped but if people are getting raped then obviously the attacker feels that the victim â€Å"deserves† it. How do we determine who â€Å"deserves† to be raped? Do we only wish it upon the promiscuous? Or on the people we despise? Who are we to judge if someone should get raped or not. No matter the reason, nobody deserves it. Whether the victim was under the influence of drugs or alcohol, or whether they wear provocative attire every person has rights and deserves to be treated with respect. Rape is violence, not seduction. References Bengston, Shelby. Personal interview. 12 Mar. 012 Harrison, M. (1996). The rape reference: A resource for people at risk. San Diego, Calif. : Excellent Books. Hopkins, J. (1984). Perspectives on rape and sexual assault. London: Harper & Row. Katz, S. , & Mazur, M. A. (1979). Understanding the rape vict im: A synthesis of research findings. New York: Wiley. Keller, K. (1996). Date rape: Ultimate issues ed. , p. 312) Student's Life Application Bible. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.. Warshaw, R. , ; Koss, M. P. (1988). I never called it rape: the Ms. Report on recognizing, fighting, and surviving date and acquaintance rape. New York: Harper ; Row.