Political Stability Essay

Political instability has become a huge and serious problem for both developing and underdeveloped countries. Pakistan is also in one of these countries which is facing the problem of political instability. The instability of government, inefficiency of political parties and a weak political culture make Pakistan a politically instable state. Political stability is important for keeping the society integrated, maintaining legitimacy, economic development and supremacy of law in a state. In political stable condition people have power they use their powers for the development of nation, and in politically instable condition people feel powerless, lose their trust on government and they prefer their own interest in front of state and then the society leads to split. Political stability is very important for nation-building. There are many countries which have comparatively stable political system such as in China, Egypt and so on. Many underdeveloped nations of Asia and Africa including Pakistan have been confused as how to overcome the problems of national integration, economic development, political participation which have been grown simultaneously in these states. There are five issue areas as described by Lenard Binder, which causes political instability in a state. These areas are: â€Å"Identity crises, legitimacy Crisis, Penetration crisis, Participation crisis and distribution crisis. † These all issues play an effective role in making the politics instable, but we only discussed the first two issues, the identity crisis and legitimacy crisis in Pakistan. Identity crisis creates negative effects on the sentiments of nationalism and the feeling of people towards political system. The dismemberment of East Pakistan and present situation in Sindh and balochistan is occurring due to the identity crisis. Identity crisis mostly occurs in pluralistic societies in the form of ethnic, language and religious differences. Pakistan is also a pluralistic society that’s why politically instability becomes more serious in Pakistan and the role of our leaders becomes more important than any other factor. In Pakistan there is also a problem of dysfunction of federal system. The federal crisis occurs when the pressure of regional demands goes to an extreme and don’t get satisfactory response from the state, and it cause separation from the federation. East Pakistan break-up was also due to this reason. A federation cannot exist or survive without a spirit of partnership and co-operation between the provinces and centre. The problem of identity and legitimacy crisis is closely related to each other. The sense of identity may also be developed by accepting the legitimacy of the authority. The legitimacy crisis regarded with the form of governmental institutions, the break down in the constitutional structure and the authority of leadership. Legitimacy crisis occur when people reject the leaders claimed based on historical preference and the leaders thrown out when they fail to fulfill the promises and then this situation leads to the crisis of authority. The problem of political stability in the context of identity and legitimacy crisis in Pakistan has been sharpened mainly due to the effects of rapid socio-political mobilization and, excessive and un institutionalized role of civil and military bureaucracy, which has unbalanced the entire political order of the country. The leadership in Pakistan is always from top to bottom, and in actual the process of becoming a leader starts from bottom to top, in which the first step is social welfare service then entering in political arena. The leadership in Pakistan is based on family patterns. In Pakistan the family leadership is popular amongst people because of lack of education. The lack of education and decay of leadership are the two most important contributing factors to the political instability in Pakistan. In Pakistan political instability is also due to our weak history of leadership that’s why the theme of a national leadership lost in these various levels of leadership. The other form of leadership exist in Pakistan for a long time is dictatorship and it rule in three decades. Dictatorship also the cause of political instability, it makes the institution of leadership weak. Weak organization of political parties also makes Pakistani politics instable. The present political trend in Pakistan is forming coalition amongst different political parties, which is the reason of current instable conditions. Coalition set up is considered temporary arrangement in political scenario everywhere in the world. Lack of clear majority of anyone political party also shows that people do not trust any of these partners that is why all enjoy less support. The most important and immediate challenge the political instable condition of Pakistan is creating is mishandling of issue of war on terrorism. Since September 2008 USA leading the NATO forces started attacking frontier areas of Pakistan and violated the sovereignty of Pakistan in the name of combating terrorism and chasing the terrorists may be hiding in these areas. These attacks are increasing by the times. Moreover, the indirectly contributing factor towards the worsening political situation is external interference of other powers for their selfish interests. Pakistan is a rich country in terms of important minerals, gas and important coasts the finding of resources and being a gate way towards the hot waters has made Pakistan an attractive country for external powers. The present world is a global world where every field is determined by intense competition: state craft, conduct of diplomacy, effective policy making, and strong economy are the most important challenges every state has to face. Political instability in any state leads to disorder amongst the units. The global world is providing aid and support to Pakistan but in presence of insincere leadership and political instable conditions the huge foreign aid is not giving any positive results. If we consider the case of Pakistan, it seems quite agreeable that adequate economic growth could only be possible if there are stable institutions in the political order. The political stability can be achieved if legitimacy of the institutions and personal legitimacy of the ruler has been solved. Conclusion: The present political instability in Pakistan has increased the external and internal challenges for its society and state. The present and immediate need of the time is a stable political system, since Pakistan has to combat inside terrorism, has to face and convince its own people that this war is necessary, and Pakistan has to satisfy its allies and as well as neighbors and manage the pressure that Pakistan is taking positive steps to counter the situation. The main problem in this whole scenario is lack of trust amongst Pakistan and the allies and neighbors keep exploiting the situation. This situation has endangered the future of Pakistani people who are now considering Pakistan is an insecure place. Without politically stability Pakistan did not become the world best state.

Aligning IT Components To Achieve Agility In Globally Distributed

In GDSD project there three interdependent components of agility that include; the agile IT strategy which is used to suit changing needs, the agile IT infrastructure that enables the formulation and performance of flexible It strategies, and agile IT project management that is concerned with enabling coordination and control in the system development project.According to the author, the work of IT strategy to explore and exploit new technologies can result to agile IT infrastructure that facilitates the firms to realize business strategies in new different ways.Alternatively, agility in organizational IT infrastructure is important to the formulation of IT enabled corporate or local business strategies. This article shows that IT infrastructure is vital because it contributes to the agility of project management by enabling fast and flexible integration of multiple system components.In my view, it is important to for a firm to have good relationship with external partners because th ey provide awareness and opportunities that enables a firm to explore new technologies, which then leads to deployment of appropriate of IT infrastructure to suit local needs.In conclusion, this article states that global business environment provides firms with business opportunities where by as they are developing global business strategies, they should also support them with information systems aligned with these strategies.This brings need to the firma having good relationship with the external partners so that they can be able to explore the new technologies that lead to local targeted needs.ReferencesLee O., Lim, K., Banerjee P., Hillegersberg, J., Kumar K. & Wei K.   (2006). Aligning IT   Components to Achieve Agility in Globally Distributed System Development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.   

Capitalism in the US

The United States is a wonderful country. It may be the longest free country in world history. The founder who builds our form of government and constitution is the brains of genius. Our republic is built on the economic system we call capitalism. Unfortunately, today capitalism was attacked in the United States. The United States must quickly return to a purely capitalistic financial system or risk the economic crisis. Capitalism has made Japan strong, so we need to protect it from enemies. The term capitalism was first used by William Thackley at the 1854 novel Newman. The term capitalism was formerly used to refer to the owner of capital goods. This term was promoted by German sociologist Max Weber and socialists who used this term to condemn the private sector as a system to exploit workers. In response, supporters of free market use this term to private enterprises and to praise the concept of free market economy. Confusion as an adjective applies this term to interventions such as government agencies and state capitalism, family capitalism, welfare capitalism, monopoly capitalism, taxpayer capitalism. Therefore, use capitalism to refer to the current complex economics (mixture of market intervention and government intervention) and the concept of purely free market. Please refine your class. Americans believe capitalism is a substitute for democracy. They are driven by this belief and they try to use capitalism to fight capitalism so that they always try to fight fire. But capitalism can not fight capitalism like a flame. They have learned to temporarily threaten to detain their business - but they do not, and may not be able to act as citizens. As a result, capitalism is only growing. As a consumer, less expenditure in one or two days can not act as a citizen. There is something wrong with this picture. The era of extreme capitalism is already at the forefront and the era of capitalism is the end. While the United States may stick to extreme capitalism w ith religious zeal, many other countries in the world can no longer use it as the sole model of the human organization. Therefore, After the end of capitalism is not to use toxic medication so much, it is not to throw out old bread. why? And the above facts really explain that if you link points, it is a new reality the world will adapt: ​​distribution is more reasonable, rational, fair, a good day

Robots Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Robots - Research Paper Example ..............................................................................7 Recommendations ..........................................................................................................7 REFERENCES................................................................................................................9 The global technological advancement has hit higher notch with a shift to use of robot in several activities. It is important to discuss in lengths and depths the significance of robot technology in regard to the increasing need for efficiency in production and service delivery for a better living in the society. Scientists are making several attempts to develop a wide variety of robots that can reason nearly as a human being and undertake several activities. In this respect, it is important to note that further investigation is critical as far as ethical concerns are concerned in the robot technology. There is more investigation on how to improve robot to human interaction as this would result into break rough in their efficiency. A. Background - Robots are man made virtual artificial agents that are computer programmed and can be guided to carry out several activities normally done by man. More research and development efforts by countries and individuals have led to increased application of robots in the society. Ranging from the medical field, space exploration, military among others, scientists are continuously developing more sophisticated robots. Robots are always electro-mechanically operated and therefore lack human aspects which are the greatest concern. B. Purpose/Audience–The purpose of my research paper is to bring awareness and define possible solutions that robot scientists are studying to solve the problem of human robot interaction. By exposing the problem and its severity, this paper may also motivate scientists to invest in solving this crisis. Robotic research scientist students will be the primary audience for my

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analysis - Case Study Example Whereas Mary Ellen didn’t see that donating was a disadvantage for the new company to, it needed to expand the profit. While the company experienced a tremendous growth, Mary Ellen could not do everything by herself and when TMT grow to 35 franchisees, Mary Ellen asked her daughter, Melanie, for assistance. Bringing her own experience to the business, Melanie saw a need in introducing formal control into the franchise system. While Mary Ellen was lenient in running a business, franchisees were allowed to pay the royalty payments at a convenient time. However, Melanie felt that TMT brand needed protection of its values and that the royalty rate was low. The decision to raise the royalty rate from 4% to 6% caused conflicts between franchisee, because they were taking advantage of the loopholes in the agreement made by Mary Ellen. Besides, some franchisees threatened to use the name of TMT and its logo without paying for it. They were litigated in the court by Melanie’s request, which resulted Melanie herself serious problem of spending legal costs in excess of $600,000. Despite the complications, the court upheld the TMT franchise agreement, returning two out of six franchisees. The issue with the court gave business owners understanding of the need in better assessing and choosin g of franchisees. Besides, the new level of discernment was brought for the review of prospective franchisees. From being painfully shy, Mary Ellen became the primary PR machine of the business, appearing on CNN and writing articles for the newsletters as for franchisees and employees of the company. Being deeply devoted to the business, she still prefers doing things for the kids, recognizing future customers in them. She also manages to exceed its customers’ expectations value and high standard of satisfaction by arranging meetings on the weekly

Kraft Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Kraft Foods - Essay Example The effectiveness of using this website as a marketing tool depends on the extent to which it achieves the desired goals and objectives set by the company. The ultimate objective of designing and hosting a website is to ensure that the company profile reaches out to as many people as possible. The fall of new and improved technologies has enhanced the company’s use of this website. The company reaches to its potential markets at the click of a button. This enhances consumer awareness, which is a fundamental aspect in marketing. The company acknowledges that markets within and without the United States are diverse and dynamic. In this respect, the Kraft Foods’ website offers a variety of product and service packages that suit specific markets in and out of the United States. Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and the United States are some of the regions that enjoy customized product and service packages (http://www.kraft.com/). However, this does not imply that markets outside these regions are irrelevant to the company. The website is actually open to the global population, and most importantly the global market. An effective marketing tool has to account for the variations in buyer behavior, tastes, and preferences. Considering these aspects influences the performance of any given marketing tool. Kraft Foods’ website highlights the company’s product base and all the services factored in the company’s operations. This allows the consumers to enjoy a wide range of products and services that the company offers. On the same note, the website provides a platform where the user can directly engage and interact with the company, thereby allowing the company to foster functional relations with the target markets. A positive impact on the company’s marketing pursuit is realized in the process. Amid the effective use of the website by Kraft Foods, the customer service aspect could be done better. The direct interaction between

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Financial Management - Essay Example WACC refers to the weighted sum of cost of capital from all sources. Generally, there are four sources of capital which include preference shares, retained earnings, common or ordinary stock and long-term debt. According to Hitchner (2011) the first step in calculating WACC is to calculate the cost of capital from each source as follows: Cost of debt refers to the rate of return required by the long-term debt capital providers. Mathematically, it’s the discount rate that equates the present value of interest’s payments and the principle repayment to the current market price of the long term debt. To calculate the value of the firm we used the market values of sources of funds (Hitchner 2011). They reflect the economic reality and values. However, market value weight is subject to the frequent changes due to the constant fluctuations of security prices. Book values are influenced by the accounting policies used in calculating net profit and in asset valuation. La Tienda’s chairman has proposed that the source of capital to be used will be debt and has set the coupon rate at 5%. He also suggested that for whichever project is to be chosen, the coupon rate should be used as the cost of capital in evaluating the viability of the projects. On the other hand, the chief financial controller opts for the WACC in evaluating the projects. The treasure is confused and does not have a choice for either rate. Usually, a higher discount rate is more appropriate when the anticipated risk of a project is higher than the risk of the whole firm (Reilly & Brown 2011). For a number of reasons, the chairman’s choice is not appropriate. Lower cost of capital reflects high amounts of the expected cash flows but does not take into account the risks involved. The main source of capital is bond; investors are attracted in buying the bond if

Concept of Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concept of Marriage - Essay Example People in many African countries continue to practice polygamy and according to scholars, incidents of polygamy or plural marriage are highest in West Africa, where Senegal and Ghana have the â€Å"highest level of polygamy† at between 30 and 50% of all marriages (Hayase & Liaw 300). Despite the statistics, on a global scale, the traditional marriage between one man and one woman is the most common form of marriage. Proponents of traditional marriage argue that marriage is an institution which has stood the test of time and is a fundamental social institution. They believe that marriage between one man and one woman serves a variety of social purposes including the procreation of children, the establishment of a â€Å"stable household for raising children† and the promotion of the nuclear family unit. They also establish that â€Å"children need both a male and female parent for proper development† (Kolasinski 3). Furthermore, many advocates for traditional marriage also argue that homosexuality is wrong and should not be encouraged by society. By conferring the right to marriage and the benefits of this union on same-sex couples, they argue that is exactly what society is doing. Advocates for gay marriage emphatically argue that it is a civil rights issue and since marriage bestows certain social benefits, denying gays the right to marry infringes on their rights to equality. They further argue that marriage is not intrinsically tied to procreation and point to examples of artificial insemination to prove that lesbian couples can also give birth and rear children. It is also argued that civil unions – in lieu of actual marriage – fall short of the equality standard and promote the idea that same-sex marriage is both separate and unequal. The Supreme Court in Canada recently struck down the Marriage Act on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and similar challenges are being made

Economic Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Finance - Assignment Example Theorists in this context often argued that the occurrence of East Asian crisis was the consequence of the fiscal irresponsibility performed by global institutions including the IMF, especially concerning its financial liberalization policy of the 1980s and the 1990s (Bustelo, â€Å"The East Asian Financial Crises: An Analytical Survey†). THESIS STATEMENT The following discussion hereunder intends to focus on the arguments made by Joseph E. Stiglitz on IMF intervention, which is often accounted as a key reason for the East Asian Financial crisis of the 1990s. Accordingly the discussion also includes the description of the other agendas laid by the IMF other than the promotion of stability and growth in the least developed countries of the world. HOW THE IMF INTERVENTION DID WORSEN THE EAST ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS OF THE LATE 1990s? According to Stiglitz, the IMF policies in respect to the gradual capital market and financial liberalization should be accounted as the most import ant reasons of the East Asian financial crisis in the year 1990 (89-91). Stiglitz further argues that the IMF was founded with an intention to deal with similar crisis situations, but it failed in preventing the East Asia Crisis of the 1990s rather worsening the crisis situation being emphasized to facilitate liberalization within the global economy. Such liberalization activities around the world contributed to currency speculations affecting the group of poorer and developing nations of the East Asian region (Stiglitz 91-95). Arguments by Stiglitz concentrates on the consequences of encouragement by the IMF, in support of the US Treasury, to promote capital market liberalization globally. As per the enacted policy measure of market liberalization, IMF credited the Asian markets with supply of capital in dollars as a measure to aid their sustenance in the currency exchange rates. Accordingly, the money was utilized by the countries to provide the various firms with dollars. These d ollars were again utilized by the firms in the repayment of loans obtained from the Western banks increasing currency speculation. Such a transition in the capital market led to high inflation rates in the East Asian countries. Additionally, in order to rectify this problem, IMF imposed higher rates of interest, taxes and cut offs on the government expenditures in the East Asian countries at the time when they were facing the negative consequences of high degree of indebtedness. As a consequence, many firms in the East Asian countries perished, thus worsening the crisis situation in the region (Stiglitz 104-113). According to Stiglitz, another the major fault of the IMF in worsening the crisis situation in the 1990s was its policy to support the attitude of a ‘bumbling restructuring’ (Stiglitz 113-118). Undoubtedly, restricting without proper planning inhibited the stable growth and reformation within the East Asian economies. Not only so, but according to Stiglitz, the restructuring increased the chaos within these economies, which were already suffering from increasing levels of unemployment along with deepening inflation rates and huge burden of indebtedness (113-118). Above the mentioned issues, Stiglitz also argued that the most serious fault of IMF in performing its responsibilities was its greater significance to corporate welfare rather than towards the development of the rudimental levels of the East Asian

Managerial and Cost Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managerial and Cost Accounting - Assignment Example Ross used to influence people only through his teaching inside the classroom. He neither wrote an article or a book in order to influence people like most writer or professors generally do. The author became a research assistant to Mr. Ross in the year 1940 for a second-year course named Control, a course which is a sort of contrast with the traditional Cost Accounting course. Nevertheless, the course became successful as a result of the reputation Mr. Ross has got as an impressive teacher of accounting at Harvard. The first appearance of management accounting in textbooks was, I believe, a first-year accounting text entitled Management Accounting: Text and Cases (Anthony; now Anthony and Reece) published in 1956. This text contained a series of detailed cost-accounting cases. A similar text by Massachusetts Institute of Technology professors appeared at approximately the same time written by Hill and Gordon in the year 1959. In the year 1965, a monograph named Planning and Control S ystems – A Framework for Analysis, written by the author was published by the Harvard Business School. It was the culmination of a series of meetings of the Harvard Business School Control faculty. Unlike most other Harvard Business School publications at that time, it proposed a framework rather than describing the results of a study of actual performance. It was written in the article that there is a contrast between Management Accounting and Cost Accounting.

Principles Of human Resources Management Essay Example for Free

Principles Of human Resources Management Essay INTRODUCTION The management of organization human resource to make them attain the organizational goals and work effectively towards contributing to the growth of the organization in contemporary times has taken a new dimension from the traditional way of personnel management. Human resource is considered as the most valuable resources in the organization; without which other resources cannot be coordinated and utilized to the optimal sue of the organization. The formation of effective relationship with workers and enabling a working environment where there is informal relationship goes a long way to motivating workers to performance. According to Farrazzi Gatti (2007), â€Å"†¦developing deep, genuine relationships- both internally among co-workers †¦is one of the most important skills need for performance in workplace† Thus, Human Resource Development (HRD) is a vital process used in contemporary times to make an organization Human resource inapt and adequately equipped to face the challenges of the time. According to Wilson (1999:27), â€Å"An alignment between strategy and training and development is now commonly regarded as a good business sense in all corners of the globe†. This is more adduced to the limited resources and finance to aid an organization in the attainment of its goal. Thus, HR development will go a long way in the organization to attain effectively set goals in the most efficient way. For Colours R Us (CRU) company to effectively get the best in its human resource management , the management of the organization need to put in place conducive working environment; one that would motivate workers to want to remain long in the organization. This is obtainable through formation of deep relationship among workers. Getting the right people at the right place is a function of human resource planning. Motivation of workers plays a significant role in maintaining and making the positioned ‘right people’ stay and build up a long career in an organization. IMPLEMENTING AN EFFECTIVE HRM IN CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS Effective Human Resource Management practices are recognises as to enhance an organisation’s competitive advantage by creating both cost leadership and differentiation. Today’s competitive global environment has made organisation maintaining a competitive advantage puts a premium on having a committed and competent workforce. Low-cost, high- quality products and services are a result of committed employees all working hard to produce the best products and provide the best services that they can at the lowest possible cost. Thus, it is important that the Human Resource Managers are made to get in touch and be included in the organisation’s strategic plan, since they have the wealth of experience in the motivation of the organisational workforce into putting their best in the attainment of the strategic goals of the organisation. Furthermore, the possession of information about human resource planning put the Human Resource Manager in a good position to partake in the strategic planning of the organisation. For example, with the available information on human resource planning, this along side with the organisation strategy would bring about the hiring of the best human resource that would be in a better position to efficiently meet the organisation’s goals. In this view, Sims (2002), has it that, As effective partners in helping organisations successfully achieve their goals, Human Resource Management managers need to have a clear understanding of exactly what are the organisation’s strategies, and then they must ensure that their own efforts are consistent with provide support for those strategies. To the extent that the Human Resource Management function is seen as a strategic partner and/or a centre of expertise, of course, its manager should also be actively involved in the formulation of corporate and business strategies as well as other functional strategies. A closer integration between top management goals and Human Resource Management practices helps to elicit and reward the types of behaviour necessary for achieving an organisation’s strategy. According to Matanmi (2001:7), â€Å"as a concept HRM has relatively recently, developed as a generic (i.e. broad, all-embracing), and yet specialised management field that particularly draws its strengths from such multi-disciplinary sources of knowledge that include (but) not exclusively restricted to) personnel management, organisation behaviour   (OB), industrial and labour relations, economics, law, psychology and sociology†. In the process of HRM, there is an increasing emphasis on the personal needs of the organisation and its members. Thus, how effectively an organisation’s employee contribute successfully to the attainment of the organisational goals depends to a larger extent upon the ability of its HRM staff. Hence, the challenges of the HRM are to create an organisational environment in which each employee can grow and develop to his or her fullest extent (Sims, 2002:4). Furthermore, Rowden (1999) have it that Human Resource Professional need to master global operating skills. They should learn to do business in non-native environments, with individual of different backgrounds and perspectives and with products and services used in different ways. Human Resource Professionals should also be masters of the business environment. They need to understand financial reports, business goals, and consumer and investor important. â€Å"Also they must have the business acumen necessary to understand and support the business function. This will make Human Resource Professionals and indispensable part of a team assigned the task of charting a business’s future†. (Hussey 1995). Thus, it is seen that for the Human Resource source professionals to actively partake in the strategic planning of an organisation they need to be vast with skills that cut across financial planning, critical visioning and thinking, analytical skill and be informed with the ever changing technological development and better utilisation of modern information technology packages. This will make them be equipped to put the organisation a head of its competitors. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF COLOURS R US (CRU) HRM PROBLEMS The workers in Colours R Us (CRU) are not motivated enough to make their stay and build up a career in the organization. The working environment is not conducive; as workers find it difficult to meet their personal needs in the locality where CRU is located. These include restaurants services, baby day care services, security of workers who engages in night shifts. The necessary amenities are not there to aid the worker abide in their work and stay long in the company. Another major issue that is making CRU not to attract the best workers and to retain those it has is the level of remuneration available to the company’s staffers. However, CRU gives an average remuneration, the locality where the company operates from there is higher level of payment. The software companies and communication call centers are well positioned to pay more. This alone, would be an obstacle in motivating the right workers to want to be employed and build up a career with CRU. This is also a cause to make already employed workers in CRU to wanting to move out. Furthermore, the statistical number of workers in the organization shows that women are more than male permanent workers are. Women workers usually leave within short period of assuming their post as workers in the company. There is the problem of getting more workers to operate the company’s diversification operation in the production of ‘Magnificence in Miniature’ RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING THE COLOURS R US (CRU) HRM PROBLEMS As a Consultant with ‘Right People Right Place’, my recommendations for CRU Company, to solve its HRM problems, include the following: MOTIVATIONAL IMPROVEMENT FOR THE COMPANY’S HR CPU as an organization has not done very well in the motivations of its staffers. Though the company pays its staffers the average pay in the industry, the workers put in much time. Motivation would keep the staffers to contribute meaningfully in the organization and they will be interested and prepare to build up a lasting career with the company. Lindner (1998), argues, â€Å"Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive. Motivated employees are more productive. Monetary incentive is not only the channel of motivating workers. The sense of belonging and appreciation of workers contribution to the organization goes a long way to motivating workers. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Of all the functions a manager performs, motivating employees is arguably the most complex. This is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employee changes constantly†. The CPU management should adapt different ways for motivating employees who serve long hours and permanent from short- term workers. Motivating short-term worker, this should be done differently from those workers who are overworked or who put in lengthy work performance in the organization (University of Chicago Newsletter for Supervisor and Managers, 2004). In motivating a short-term worker the management of CPU, need to adopt the following strategic approach: Reinforce the significance of short-term employees work by explaining their importance and how they contribute to the organization’s growth. Introduce short-term employees to the people who use their work to demonstrate the effect the quality of their work has on others. Counter assumptions that someone else will do the work if short-term employees do not come through. Discuss the role short-terms workers play in the CPU manufacturing and working process. They should be made to understand that their work is as important as that of other employees. The Management of CPU should demonstrate interest in their long-term plans for HRM for short –term workers. Plans should be devised to identify those areas where skilled short-term workers may have value elsewhere in the organization. The management should help short-term workers to identify other opportunities before their assignment in your department is over. On the other hand, to motivate those workers who have work lengthy period and over work for the organization, the CPU management can motivate this group by adopting a strategy that follows the sequence of: The CPU management should let the lengthy period and over worked employees know that the company value their stay in the organization and appreciate their contribution to the growth of the organization. They should be made to know they stand to be adequately rewarded. The management of CPU should display the quality of a team player by requesting from this category of workers what they require to made them comfortable and keep the work going. The management of CPU should provide a feedback to workers that put in lengthy work hours, stay, and make them fell appreciated for their contribution in the organization. ADOPTING A MUTUAL EXCHANGE MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGY Mutual exchange is another strategy the management of CPU can adopt in motivating their workers. Here, where a worker has accomplish an assigned task he or she should be given something in return based on   earlier promise made by the supervisor; this may come in form of   a day off, or early closure for the   day’s work etc. According the Moore (1991), the negative effect of this appraoch is that it is not the most effective approach for motivating   workers; as the workers and supervisor may not reach a balance on what should be exchanged for the accomplishment of an assigned task.   RECRUITING MORE MALE WORKER The management of CPU should engage in recruiting more males than females. The environment where the company is situated is not conducive for female worker to work adequately. There is absence of day care for nursing mothers and those women with little children; the vicinity is not safe enough for night female worker. Considering these facts, the male worker will do more to cope in the environment than their female counterparts will. STRATEGIC ALLIANCE FORMATION WITH OTHER INTENSIVE CARE AND FACILITY PROVIDING ORGANIZATION The major reason for the workers leaving the CPU Company within short period is adduced to the lack of amenities to contribute to workers convenience in working for the company. The locality where the company is situated lacks these basic amenities. The management of CPU can enter into strategic alliance by inviting and forming strategic partners with small organizations to provide basic services that the workers lack, such as children day-care services, security, inter-alia. REFERENCES Ferrazzi, Keith Gatti, Lisa (2007), â€Å"The Human Element of Successful Training† June Volume 61, 6c ABI/ INFORM Global P. 68 Hussey, D. (1995), â€Å"Human Resources: Strategic Audit† In International Review of Strategic Management Vol. 6 Pp 157-195. Lindner, James R. (1998), â€Å"Understanding Employee Motivation† in Journal of Extension. June 1998 Volume 36 Number 3 Matanmi, Segun (2001) Strategic Management of the Human Resources in Nigeria for the next Millennium: some notes   (unpublished article) Lagos State University. Moore, Dianne-Jo (1991), â€Å"7 Motivational Strategies Managers Motivation Of Workers† Modern Machine Shop http://findarticles.com/p/search?tb=artqt=%22Dianne-Jo+Moore%22 (2/11/06) Rowden, R.W (1999), â€Å"Potential Roles of the Human Resource Management Professional in the Strategic Planning Process† in SAM Advanced Management Journal. Vol. 64, Issue 3. Pp 22 Sims, Ronald R. (2002), Organisational Success Through Effective Human Resources Management West Port, CT: Quorum Books. Pp. 1-5, 8, 9, 20, 23. University of Chicago Newsletter for Supervisor and Managers’ (2004), â€Å"Strategies and Tactics Methods to Manage Your Work, Your Staff, and Your Results† Volume VI Issue 9 September http://hr.uchicago.edu/newsletter/itk20040901/toc.html (1/11/06). Wilson, John P. (1999), Human Resource Development: Learning and Training for Individuals and Organizations London: Kagan Page

Drama Essay English 102 Essay Example for Free

Drama Essay English 102 Essay In A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Nora (protagonist), lives a lifestyle that complies with the social standards of a typical wife during the late nineteenth century. She follows a patriarchal lifestyle in which her husband, Torvald Helmer (antagonist) is dominant. Furthermore, she doesnt see that her marriage to Mr. Helmer is an illusion. Tarvold belittles and disempowers her throughout the play. However, at the end of the play she is no longer blind and sees that Mr. Helmer only cares for himself. Ibsen provides a clear example of Noras disempowerment in her lifestyle as a woman during the late 19th century. In 1879 women were not allowed to sign a contract for a loan without a male cosigner. Mrs. Helmer needed to take out a loan to pay for Tarvolds trip to Italy due to is illness at the time. Nora didnt want her father to know about the loan because he was on his death bed (840). She didnt want Mr. Helmer to know about the loan, because he wouldnt take the money, he didnt want to be in debt to a woman. Therefore she took the contract and forged her dieing fathers signature Another example of Noras disempowerment that Ibsen provides the audience with is Noras marriage to Torvald. First, he constantly belittles her by calling her pet names of insignificant animals such as squirrel or songbird (823). Another example is Mr. Helmer not allowing Mrs. Helmer to eat macaroons, which he claims are bad for her teeth. In Tkatchev 2 addition, when he suspects her of eating a macaroon he treats her as if she was a child (825). An example of Tarvolds feeding off of Noras helplessness is when she practices the Tarantella but she acts as if she doesnt know what she is doing and desperately asks Tarvold to teach her. However in reality she was stalling him from checking his mailbox in which lies the letter from Krogstad stating the details of Noras forgery (859-860).. Although Nora is constantly disempowered and belittled by Tarvold, she is very submissive to Tarvold and believes that her marriage is a success. Although Nora is constantly disempowered and belittled by Tarvold, she is very submissive to Tarvold and believes that her marriage is a success. Although Nora is blind, because she doesnt see that her marriage to Torvald is an illusion. At the end of the play Nora finds out what kind of person Mr. Helmer really is. After Torvald opens and reads the first letter from Krogstad he is astonished and the first words that came out of Noras mouth after Tarvold flings open the door I wont let you save me (870). She is expecting for him to defend her because she committed a crime. However, it is the opposite he belligerently insults her and continually carries on about himself and his reputation. In addition, even when she implies suicide When Im gone from the world youll be free (871), Tarvold implies if it was beneficial to him, he would let her do it; however, it doesnt so she shouldnt. After Tavold reads the second letter he quickly forgives Nora because the letter states that Krogstad will disregard the fraud and he will not file any charges. The second letter was written thanks to Mrs. Linde, who suggested that he still keep the letter stating the forgery and write a letter stating that he will disregard the forgery. The reason that she wanted the first letter to Tkatchev 3 reach Mr. Helmer is because she wanted the truth to be known. However its too late because Nora finally opened her eyes. After seeing Torvalds reaction the blind, submissive, powerless, Nora understood that Mr. Helmer only cares about himself. Therefore, she opened her eyes and changed to the complete opposite of the Nora that the audience met in the beginning of the play. Nora went from being submissive to unyielding. Instead of keeping to herself she began to voice her opinion. For example For eight whole years longer in fact since we first met, we have never talked seriously to each other about a single serious thing. (873) Not only does Nora finally see what her marriage is really about, she also decided to leave Torvald forever. Clearly showing power and independence Tarvold begs her to stay and use the children as an excuse. However Nora responds by stating that the maid knows the house and the children better then she ever did. After reading this play I believe that the second translation (A Dolls House) is better then the first (A Dolls House). Because, the first translation means singular, in reference to Nora. However, the second translation means plural in reference to both Nora and Tarvold. In my opinion both Nora and Tarvold are both, being dolls, victims of society and social standards. They followed a patriarchal rule within their family, which met with the social norms during that time period. Where Tarvold is the dominant, bread winner, husband and Nora is the submissive, entertainment, wife. If their social standard of society during that era, are now looked upon as immoral and wrong, does that mean that the people of the next era will look at our social standards of society and social norms and as immoral and wrong?

Psychological Interventions in Patients with Cancer

Psychological Interventions in Patients with Cancer Introduction Patients with cancer may experience comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression, and symptoms including fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Anxiety and depression are both very common and it has been estimated that 16–25% of newly diagnosed cancer patients experience either depression or depressed mood (DSM-IV criteria) (Sellick 1999). Studies in women with breast cancer have shown that up to 30% develop psychological morbidity (either anxiety or depressive disorder) within one year of diagnosis (Bleiker 2000; Maguire 2000). Cancer-related symptoms are also very common. As many as 70–80% of all cancer patients receiving chemotherapy experience nausea and vomiting (Lindley et al. 1989; Morrow 1992) and 78% of patients are estimated to be affected by fatigue (Ashbury et al. 1998), in particular those with advanced cancer and those receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment (Ahlberg et al. 2003; Jacobsen et al. 2007), where symptoms may persist even after treatment has finished (Servaes et al. 2002). The use of psychological interventions can be beneficial in the management of cancer-related conditions and symptoms and may result in improved quality of life and better long-term outcomes (Devine and Westlakes 1995). Psychological interventions may be classified into four groups (which also include broader psychosocial interventions) as described below (Fawzy et al.1995; Greer 2002; Edwards et al. 2004): Cognitive behavioural interventions involve the identification and correction of those thoughts, feelings and behaviours that may be involved in the development and/or maintenance of cancer-related symptoms or conditions (Jacobsen 1998). Individual psychotherapy interventions involve one-to-one interaction between patient and therapist, aimed at reducing feelings of distress and increasing the patient’s morale, self-esteem and ability to cope (Fawzy et al. 1995) Educational interventions provide patients with information about cancer, ways of coping with the disease and what resources are available to help them, with the aim of reducing commonly experienced feelings such as inadequacy, confusion, helplessness and loss of control (Fawzy et al. 1995). Group interventions may be either patient led or led by healthcare professionals and serve to provide social support for cancer patients (Leszcz and Goodwin 1998). One intervention within this category, supportive-expressive group therapy, involves building bonds, expressing emotions, improving the relationship between patient and healthcare professional and improving coping skills (Edwards et al. 2004). It is also important to consider the effectiveness of other interventions, such as the use of complementary therapies, which may be used alongside psychological interventions to achieve a greater improvement in cancer-related conditions and symptoms than those obtained using psychological interventions alone. This paper reports the process and findings of a literature review performed to identify and evaluate published literature on psychological interventions in patients with cancer, and other interventions that may also be effective in achieving improved psychological outcomes, together with a discussion of how the evidence gathered may guide informed decision-making on best clinical practice. Data sources and search strategy Electronic searches were performed on the Medline, CINAHL and PsychINFO databases for English language articles published between 1998 and 2008. Search terms included cancer AND intervention OR cancer AND therapy plus education OR patient education OR educational OR cognitive behavioural OR cognitive OR psychotherapy OR psychological OR supportive-expressive OR supportive OR group psychotherapy. For each trial, the quality of both the trial itself and the report in the published literature were assessed. Literature review Main results Well-designed, single or multicentre, randomised controlled trials involving large study samples were selected for inclusion, together with systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Only UK published literature was originally planned for inclusion; however, due to the limited number of high quality, well-designed studies identified, searches were performed again to identify suitable non-UK articles. Summary of studies selected Cognitive behavioural interventions One randomised controlled trial and one systematic review were identified from the UK-published articles found during the electronic searches. The randomised controlled study by Moynihan et al. investigated the use of adjuvant psychological therapy in 73 men with newly diagnosed, non-suicidal men with testicular cancer (Moynihan et al. 1998). This is a cognitive behavioural treatment programme designed specifically for patients with cancer. The therapist was a mental health nurse with experience of caring for testicular patients and who was trained in adjuvant psychological therapy techniques. Outcome measures included validated self-completed questionnaires such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the mental adjustment to cancer scale and the psychosocial adjustment to illness scale. The treatment group showed a minimal reduction in anxiety after 2 months and when adjustment for histology, stage of disease and type of treatment was made, the observed effect was not signifi cant. No between group differences in depression scores were observed after 2 months. After 1 year, control patients actually achieved better anxiety and depression scores than those in the treatment group. This study therefore concluded that there was no benefit from the use of adjuvant psychological therapy in men with testicular cancer. The systematic review performed by Richardson et al. evaluated the use of hypnosis for nausea and vomiting in patients with various types of cancer (Richardson et al. 2006). Study participants were children in 5 of the 6 randomised controlled studies selected. Meta-analyses demonstrated a large effect size of hypnosis compared with standard treatment, and this effect was at least as large as that achieved with cognitive-behavioural therapy. Limitations of this review were that the sample sizes of the studies included were small, and some of the studies were poorly described in the published literature. As the majority of the studies were conducted in children, further research is needed in adults to confirm these findings. A number of non-UK published studies evaluating the use of cognitive-behavioural training in patients with cancer were also identified. A randomised controlled study conducted by Korstjens et al. investigated the effects of physical plus cognitive-behavioural training compared with physical training alone on quality of life in 147 patients with various cancers who had completed treatment (Korstjens et al. 2008). Quality of life was measured using the RAND-36. After 12 weeks, there were no differences between groups in quality of life. It can therefore be concluded that adding cognitive-behavioural training had no added benefit on cancer survivors’ quality of life compared with physical training alone. Individual psychotherapeutic interventions Fenlon et al. conducted a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of relaxation training in reducing the incidence of hot flushes 150 women with primary breast cancer (Fenlon et al. 2008). Study participants in the treatment group received a single relaxation training session in conjunction with the use of practice tapes. Outcome measures included a patient diary and validated measures of anxiety and quality of life. After 1 month, the incidence and severity of hot flushes were significantly reduced (p Educational interventions A randomised controlled trial by Ream et al. evaluated an educational support intervention (i.e. investigator-designed information pack) for fatigue in 103 chemotherapy-naà ¯ve cancer patients. Additional psychological support was also provided by nurses. After 3 months, the intervention group reported significantly less fatigue, lower levels of anxiety, depression and distress, and better adaptive coping (all p Jones et al. carried out a randomised trial to investigate whether different types of educational information could increase interaction between the patient and others, thereby improving emotional support and psychological well-being (Jones et al. 2006). A total of 325 patients with breast or prostate cancer who were about to begin radiotherapy participated in the study. Patients were given either a general information booklet on cancer or else a booklet containing personalised information. Outcome measures included the use of Likert scales to score answers to questions on anxiety and depression (non-validated) and Helgeson’s social support questionnaire. Results showed no differences between groups in anxiety or depression scores but patients who received personalised information reported that they were more likely to show their booklet to others and believe it helped in discussions. These findings suggest that this type of intervention may have the potential to improve emoti onal well-being by increasing the levels of support patients receive from others. A systematic review conducted by Smith et al. evaluated the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction as supportive therapy (Smith et al. 2005). This is a highly-structured psycho-educational, skill-based therapy that combines mindfulness meditation with hatha yoga. Two randomised controlled and four uncontrolled trials were selected which used self-reported outcome measures for mood, stress, anxiety and quality of life. Study findings showed improvements in mood and sleep quality and reductions in stress in patients following the use of this intervention. However, the studies included in this review largely involved small sample sizes and may therefore be underpowered. Furthermore, the quality of the written study manuscripts was variable; for example, some contained limited descriptions of the randomisation process and a lack of methods on sampling and participant recruitment. While these results are encouraging and suggest that mindfulness-based stress reduction may be e ffective as a self-administered intervention for cancer patients, further research conducted through well-designed, randomised controlled trials is needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Group psychological interventions A non-UK published study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of hospital psychosocial support groups on emotional distress and quality of life in 108 women with breast cancer (Schou et al. 2007). Outcome measures involved the use of the validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the EORTC quality of life questionnaire. After 12 months, the prevalence of anxiety was significantly lower among group participants than in non-participants (19% vs 34%; p=0.04). These findings suggest that psychosocial support appears to have a long-term benefit on anxiety although the effects of this intervention on depression and quality of life were inconclusive in this study. Another non-UK published randomised controlled trial has been conducted to investigate the effect of supportive-expressive group therapy compared with educational materials on distress in 125 women with metastatic breast cancer (Classen et al. 2001). Participants were offered either one year of weekly group therapy plus educational materials or educational materials only. Outcome measures included the Profile of Mood States (POMS) to assess mood disturbance and Impact of Event Scale (IES) to assess change over time in trauma symptoms. Patients who received weekly therapy showed a significantly greater decline in traumatic stress symptoms than those in the control group but no between group differences in mood disturbance were observed. It can be concluded that supportive-expressive group therapy may offer some benefit in reducing distress in women with metastatic breast cancer. Complementary/alternative interventions Wilkinson et al. conducted a multicentre randomised controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of aromatherapy massage in the management of anxiety and depression in 288 patients with cancer diagnosed with clinical anxiety and/or depression (Wilkinson et al. 2007). Patients were randomised to receive either a course of aromatherapy massage plus usual supportive care or supportive care only. Outcome measures included the validated State Subscale of the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. At 6 weeks post-randomisation, patients who received aromatherapy massage showed a significant improvement in clinical anxiety and/or depression compared with those receiving standard care only (p=0.001) but this effect was not sustained at 10 weeks post-randomisation (p=0.10) Patients receiving the aromatherapy intervention also recorded a greater improvement in self-reported anxiety at both 6 and 10 weeks than those in the control group (p=0.04). These results suggest that although aromatherapy massage may not confer long-term benefits to patients with cancer, short-term benefitsmmay be seen. Strengths and weaknesses of this literature review As previously stated, one of the major limitations of this review was that the original searches only included UK-published articles. As a lack of good quality published research was identified, further searches were conducted to identify suitable non-UK articles to include in the review. Although a number of studies were selected that recruited participants with various types of cancer, several studies involved patients with only breast cancer and only one study was conducted in men only. It may therefore be argued that the scope of this review was too narrow. One of the systematic reviews which were included (Richardson et al. 2007) involved small studies which were sometimes poorly designed or poorly written up. The findings of this systematic review should therefore be treated with caution until supported with data from randomised controlled trials. The strengths of this review are that well-designed randomised controlled trials were included, with sample sizes large enough for adequate power. The reports of these trials were generally good quality and comprehensively written with a logical flow. The aims and/or objectives were clearly stated, and descriptions of study design, participant recruitment and selection, and the randomisation process were included. Many of the outcome measures used were validated instruments, a description of all measures was included and appropriate statistical analyses were used to analyse the data. Implications for clinical practice Previous research and systematic reviews have reported conflicting findings on whether psychological interventions for patients with cancer are beneficial or not (Greer 2002; Edwards et al. 2004). The current review also presents conflicting data on the benefits of psychological interventions in cancer patients. Two of the studies selected presented evidence that cognitive behavioural interventions provide no added benefit to cancer patients. Interestingly, a systematic review concluded that hypnosis may be beneficial but many of the studies were conducted in children so whether these findings are also observed in adults requires further investigation. Individual psychotherapeutic interventions such as relaxation training may be beneficial for breast cancer patients in reducing distress although no improvement in anxiety or quality of life was observed. The effectiveness of these types of interventions in men and in patients with other types of cancer requires further research. Educational interventions and group psychological interventions produced the best outcomes of all the psychological interventions evaluated. In particular, the use of educational booklets and information packs, either used alone or in conjunction with psychological support, may result in improvements in psychological and emotional well-being in patients with cancer. Again, further research is needed to determine whether these types of interventions are beneficial in patients with all types of cancer. Psychosocial support groups and supportive-expressive group therapy have both been shown to be beneficial in women with breast cancer, particularly in reducing anxiety and distress. Further evidence is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of these interventions in men. Complementary and/or alternative treatments such as aromatherapy may play a role as adjuvant therapies and can be beneficial in the short-term management of anxiety and depression in cancer patients. Conclusions This review has provided evidence that certain psychological interventions such as educational and group interventions may provide some benefit to cancer patients in the management of cancer-related conditions and symptoms including anxiety, depression, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Both short- and long-term improvements in quality of life and emotional well-being may be achievable using these interventions but further research is needed to provide the evidence to guide best practice. Psychological and psychiatric support services are currently unable to meet demand from oncology services and the oncology nurse is ideally placed to play a key role in the provision of psychological care and support for cancer patients, either directly or as part of a multidisciplinary team. For example, educational interventions such as information leaflets can be developed and provided to patients by the oncology nurse, who would also able to lead group therapy sessions. It is essential that the nurse has sufficient knowledge of the most appropriate psychological intervention to use for patients and the skill and expertise to implement this effectively to ensure a successful outcome. Bibliography Ahlberg, K., Ekman, T., Gaston-Johannson, F., Mock, V. 2003, ’Assessment and management of cancer-related fatigue in adults’, Lancet, vol. 362, pp. 640–50. Ashbury, F.D., Findlay, H., Reynolds, B., McKerracher, K. A., ‘A Canadian survey of cancer patients’ experiences: are their needs being met? Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 298–306. Bleiker, E. M., Pouwer, F., van der Ploeg, H. M., Leer, J. W., Ader, H. J. 2000, ‘Psychological distress 2 years after diagnosis of breast cancer: frequency and prediction’, Patient Education and Counselling, vol. 40, pp. 209–17. Classen, C., Butler, L. D., Koopman, C., Miller, E., DiMiceli, Giese-Davis, J., Fobair, P., Carlson, R. W., Kraemer, H. C., Spiegel, D. 2001, ‘Supportive-expressive group therapy and distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer’, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 58, pp. 494–501. Devine, E. C. Westlakes, S. K. 1995, ‘The effects of psychoeducational care provided to adults with cancer: met-analysis of 116 studies’, Oncology Nursing Forum, vol. 22, vol. 9, pp. 1369–81. Edwards, A. G. K., Hulbert-Williams, N., Neal, R. D. 2008, ‘Psychological interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer’, The Cochrane Library, issue 2, CD004253. Fawzy, F., Fawzy, N., Arndt, L., Pasnau, R. 1995, ‘Critical review of psychosocial interventions in cancer care’, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 52, pp. 691–9. Fenlon, D. R., Corner, J. L., Haviland, J. S. 2008, ‘A randomized controlled trial of relaxation training to reduce hot flashes in women with primary breast cancer’, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 397–405. Greer, S. 2002, ‘Psychological intervention. The gap between research and practice’, Acta Oncol, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 238–43. Jacobsen, P. Hann, D. 1998, Cognitive-behaviour interventions. In: Psycho-oncology, Holland, J. (ed), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 717–29. Jacobsen, P. B., Donovan, K. A., Vadaparampil, S. T., Small, B. J. 2007, ‘Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological and activity-based interventions for cancer-related fatigue’, Health Psychology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 660–7. Jones, R. B., Pearson, J., Cawsey, A. J., Bental, D., Barrett, A., White, J., White, C. A., Gilmour, W. H. 2006, ‘Effect of different forms of information produced for cancer patients on their use of the information, social support, and anxiety: randomised trial’, British Medical Journal, vol. 342, pp. 942–8. Korstjens, I., May, A. M., van Weert, E., Mesters, I., Tan, F., Ros, W. J., Hockstra-Weebers, J. E., van der Schrans, C. P., van den Borne, B, ‘Quality of life after self-management cancer rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial comparing physical and cognitive-behavioural training versus physical training’, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 422–9. Leszcz, M. Goodwin, P. 1998, ‘The rationale and foundations of group psychotherapy for women with metastatic breast cancer’, International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 245–69. Maguire, P. 2000, ‘Psychological aspects. In: ABC of Breast Diseases, Dixon, M. (eds), BMJ Books, London, pp. 85–9. Moynihan, C., Bliss, J. M., Davidson, J., Burchell, L., Horwich, A. 1998, ‘Evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy in patients with testicular cancer’, British Medical Journal, vol. 316, pp. 429–35. Ream, E., Richardson, A., Alexander-Dann, C. 2006, ‘Supportive intervention for fatigue in patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomised controlled trial’, Journal of Pain Symptom Management, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 148–61. Richardson, J., Smith, J. E., McCall, G., Richardson, A., Pilkington, K., Kirsch, I. 2007, ‘Hypnosis for nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy: a systematic review of the research evidence’, European Journal of Cancer Care, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 402–12. Schou, I., Ekeberg, O., Karesen, R., Sorensen, E. 2007, ‘Psychosocial intervention as a component of routine breast cancer care – who participates and does it help?’, Psycho-oncology, E-pub ahead of print. Sellick, S. Crooks, D. 1999, ‘Depression and cancer: an appraisal of the literature for prevalence, detection, and practice guideline development’, Psycho-oncology, vol, 8, pp. 315–33. Servaes, P., Verhagen, C., Bleijenberg, G. 2002, ‘Fatigue in cancer patients during and after treatment: prevalence, correlates and interventions’, European Journal of Cancer, vol. 38, pp. 27–43. Smith, J. F., Richardson, J., Hoffman, C., Pilkington, K. 2005, ‘Mindfulness-based stress reduction as supportive therapy in cancer care: systematic review’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 315–27. Wilkinson, S. M., Love, S. B., Westcombe, A. M., Gambles, M. A., Burgess, C. C., Cargill, A., Young, T., Maher, E. J., Ramirez, A. J. 2007, ‘Effectiveness of aromatherapy massage in the management of anxiety and depression in patients with cancer: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial’, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 532–9. Table 1. Summary of main UK published studies selected

Developement Of Computers :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no noun with the ability to represent modern life other than computer. Whether the effect is negative or positive, computers control nearly every aspect of our everyday life. Computers have evolved from bearing the role of strictly computing to having the ability of completing unthinkable tasks. Supermarket scanners calculate our grocery bill while keeping store inventory; computerized telephone switching centers play traffic cop to millions of calls and keep lines of communication untangled; and ATM’s let us conduct banking transactions form virtually anywhere in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Around five thousand years ago in Asia , a simple machine called the Abacus , bearing a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack such as ones found in a pool hall may be considered the first computer. Merchants used the Abacus to record their barter transactions. Its popularity began to fall when the use of paper and pencil spread particularly throughout Europe, its importance diminished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computers were looked at as a way to simplify large workloads into discreet tasks. The United States census of 1880 took seven years to tally. The fear of later censuses taking an even more absurd amount of time to count, the bureau turned to technology. An American inventor also applied the concept to computing. He fed cards storing data into a machine compiling the results instinctively. Punched holes in the cards would represent letters and number, a single hole depicted a number, while a combination of two holes portrayed a letter. This allowed the census results in six weeks. Not only did the machine remarkably decrease the amount of time the census took, but also the cards used represented stored memory of the census and reduced computational errors. It found its way into the business world founding Tabulating Machine Company in 1896, which later became International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924. After this point in history the evolution of the computer is began to become an increased desired area of interest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first major interest began with the onset of World War II. A German engineer developed a computer to design airplanes and missiles. The British were also in the race of enhancing computer technology. They completed a secret code-breaking computer used to decode German messages. The existence of the machine was not uncovered until decades after the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first all-electronic calculator was design by a Harvard engineer in 1944 who was working with IBM. The calculator was about the size of one half a football field and consisted of 500 miles of writing. It was called the Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.

Medical Errors :: Health, Miscommunication, Work Loads

In year 2000 Institute of medicine (IOM) reported that around 98,000 people die each year (Kohn, 2000). The main reason for this incident is medical errors. Medical errors cost around $29 billion loss for heath care industry (Slonim, LaFleur, Ahmed, & Joseph, 2003). These medical errors caused people to be more in hospitals, more diagnostic evaluations, un-necessary treatments, and also resulted in many deaths. Medical error is defined as â€Å"failure of planned action to be completed as intended or use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim† (Kohn, 2000). Entering wrong medical information causes adverse effect on drugs and care given to patients. Lack of proper medical record will cause patients to stay more in hospitals, more disability, and more loss for health care industry. Medical errors are considered to be eighth leading cause of deaths in USA (McGowan & Healey, 2009). Of all major departments in health care, one of crucial departments is pediatrics (Kozer, Berkovitch, & Koren, 2006). Pediatric department is one of the key departments in health care sector and comprise of around 10 % of health care industry (McGowan & Healey, 2009). There were many deaths reported in pediatric departments. The medical errors will have more impact on children than in adults due to various reasons. One reason is that most of medicines for children are off label and they don’t have standard doses (Kozer, Berkovitch, & Koren, 2006). Another reason for medical errors is that many doses of medications needs to be adjusted according to child’s weight and body mass. Some medications which are supplied need to be diluted and improper dilatation doses will result in deaths (Kozer, Berkovitch, & Koren). All these medical errors results in abnormal deaths in children. There are various types of medication errors. They are dosing errors which are caused due to improper dosing of medication and tenfold error which are caused due to prescriptions which are ten fold higher or lower in dose than recommended dose (Kozer, Berkovitch, & Koren, 2006). The other types of errors are diagnostic errors which are caused due to delay in diagnostics and error in monitoring test results, treatment errors which are caused due to delay in responding to an illness due to lack of test results and due to other issues like improper system failures and lack of backup plans (McGowan & Healey, 2009). Mostly medical errors are due to increase in work loads, abbreviations misunderstandings, and misinterpretations due to handwriting (Kozer, Berkovitch, & Koren, 2006).

Adhoc Networks Essay -- essays research papers

Reliable Broadcasting in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks ABSTRACT In a mobile ad-hoc network, providing a reliable broadcast is one of the most important requirements. In broadcasting, a source node sends a message to all the other nodes in the network. Broadcasting operation is expected to be executed more frequently in mobile ad-hoc networks MANETs. So the number of retransmissions in the broadcast has to be minimized. The reliable broadcast service ensures that all the hosts in the network deliver the same set of messages to the upper layer. The protocols that are used in wired networks are unsuitable for deployment on MANETs, as these do not take into account the node mobility, network load and congestion. There have been a lot of protocols which are proposed for reliable broadcasting in MANETs. A straight forward way is by Simple Flooding [1, 2] which is very costly and very inefficient. The other protocols are Probability based methods [3], Area Based Methods [3] and Neighbor Knowledge Methods [4, 5, 6 and 7]. Also, efficiency and reliability conflict with each other. Hence it is hard to achieve both at a time with just one scheme. This paper will aim at proposing improvements for reliable broadcasting in MANETs. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION The drastic improvements in the wireless communications and portable wireless devices have made mobile computing a reality. Recently, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) has attracted a lot of attention and research. MANETs are made of a group of independent mobile hosts which communicate with each other. A mobile host may not be able to communicate directly with all the other hosts. So, the packets traverse various intermediate nodes before reaching the destination. All the nodes in the network assist in routing. The ad-hoc networks are created dynamically on the fly. The hosts are allowed to move around in the network. Routing protocols in ad-hoc networks should provide means to deliver packets to destination nodes given these dynamic topologies. Applications of MANETs occur in battle-fields, major disaster and some business environments where networks need to be deployed immediately without any base stations or fixed networks. Broadcasting is process by which a source node sends a message to all the other nodes in the entire network. Broadcasting operation is expected to be exe... ...-aodv-02.txt [11] LANMAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Standard 802.11-1997, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications (November 1997). [12] S. Ni, Y. Tseng, Y. Chen, and J. Sheu, â€Å"The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network,† Proc. of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM’99, pp. 151–162, Aug. 1999. [13] M. Impett, M. S. Corson, and V. Park, â€Å"A receiver-oriented approach to reliable broadcast ad hoc networks,† Proc. of Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC’2000), vol. 1, pp. 117–122, 2000. [14] W. Peng and X. Lu. On the reduction of broadcast redundancy in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of MOBIHOC, 2000. [15] W. Peng and X. Lu. Efficient broadcast in mobile ad hoc networks using connected dominating sets. Journal of Software - Beijing, China, 1999. [16] S. Y. Cho, J. H. Sin, B. I. Mun. Reliable broadcast scheme initiated by receiver in ad hoc networks. LCN '03. Proceedings. 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on 20-24 Oct. 2003 Page(s):281 – 282. [17] W. Lou and J. Wu. Double-covered broadcast (DCB): A simple reliable broadcast algorithm in manets. In IEEE Infocom, 2004.

Establish and adjust the markrting mix Essay

1. Research Your Choice of organization Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)- one of the most known fast food chains in the world started in the early 1930’s by Kernel Sanders in the Southern USA as a small franchise operation. Colonel Sanders has become a well-known personality throughout thousands of KFC restaurants Worldwide. Quality, service and cleanliness (QSC) represents the most critical success factors to KFC’s global success. KFC has a number of ambitious aims and objectives: To increase its percentage share of the fast-food market. To improve profit margins year-on-year to fund the growth of the company. To return profit on investments to owners and franchisees. The way that KFC reaches these targets is decided by the company’s internal strategy and objectives. Company and Marketing Strategy: Partnering to build customer relationships a. Marketing Strategy KFC used the Demographic Segmentation, Geographic segmentation, and Psychographic segmentation. In demographic segmentation, the market is divided into groups based on an age, gender, family size, income, occupation, religion, race and nationality. KFC divides the market on demographic basis in this way: ïÆ'Ëœ Age is between 6-65. Gender is both males and females. Family size is 1-2, 3-4, 5+ Income is Rs 10,000 n above. Family lifestyle is almost all. KFC has outlets internationally and sells its products according to geographic needs of the customer. In India KFC focuses how geographically its customers demand different products. In north India Chicken is the main selling product, while in the south the Veg. items sell more than the chicken. Dividing a market into different groups based on social class, lifestyle, or personality characteristics is called psychographic segmentation. KFC divides market on the basis of psychographic variables like: Social class- Upper and Middle class. Lifestyle is not specific. Personality is ambitious and authoritarian b. Target Marketing As the outlets of KFC are in posh area and prices are too high (overhead expenses-rent, air-conditioning, employees), so KFC targets upper and middle classes. Target market depends upon size and growth rate of population, Company resources and structural attractiveness of market segment. c. Market Positioning For a product to occupy a clear, distinctive and desirable place relative to â€Å"Competing products in the minds of target consumer.† In KFC feedback is taken from the customer in order to know the customer demands and then improvements are made in products. KFC focuses on pure and fresh food in order to create a distinct and clear position in the minds of customers KFC has a strong brand name and they are leading the market in fried chicken. 2. Identify the Key Characteristics of their products and services and their significance to the market. Product Line: KFC product line includes all chicken based products. Burgers: The burger category includes the Zinger Burger, Colonel’s Chicken Burger, Colonel’s Fillet Burger, SUB60 and 80, and Zinger Jr. They have also introduces a Fish zinger burger. Chicken Pieces: The chicken involved the product line with different number of chicken pieces like 1 piece, 2 pieces, 5 pieces and 10 pieces chicken. Combos: The combo includes the different meal as Chicken Meals, Sandwich Meals and Family Meals. Desserts & Beverages: The desserts and beverages offered by KFC are Fruit Salad, Regular & Large Drink, Regular & Large Mineral Water, Tea, Scoop of Walls Ice cream and Coffee. Snacks & Side Orders: The snacks and side orders served by the KFC are Arabian Rice, 5 & 10 Pieces Hot wings, Dinner Roll, Regular & Large Fries, Hot Shots, and Corn on the  Cob, Hot & Crispy Soup and the Cole Slaw. 3. Review pricing policy and analyse pricing variables to determine their effect on demand.

Computers Science Essay

financial support just for existence has never been the objective lenss of my life.I defend always looked forward to get the stovepipe out of my life. As a bookman of Bachelor of Technology in E.I.E(Electronics& instrumentality Engineering), I look to tweak regard to widen my ken, which would facilitate in fulfilling my am turniousness of doing Masters program in Computer scholarship Engineering. Technology and its innumerable aspects fascinate me Specific e very(prenominal)y the Computers stream that pervades all areas of business in todays world.I have been interested in problem solving from a very young age, especially problems related to mathematics. directly that I have completed my bachelor-at-armss academician degree, and working as a programming developer in grease ones palms reason Technology for 13 months,has made me to so hypnotized for technology and moved my step towards learning software languages.i bump move masters in Computers would give me an fa t backcloth in fullfilling my dreams as a good developer and have a look into chore in cloud computing. ambiguous in my heart, I feel this exuberant urge to do whatever practical within my reach for the less aureate would take me forward in achieving my goals. Integrity, two in thought and action has meant allthing to me. My toughened set of value has helped me grow into a responsible citizen with a keen horse sense of duty. It has likewise furthered my thirst for newer horizon. This course is single of them. Its a pathway to newer grounds, opposite to both my professional and personal agenda.My objective for a masters degree is to get involved in such(prenominal) a course which could help me in achieving my ultimate goal. I believe that a flight in such a field in an intellectually excite academic environment leave fracture me an excellent way to contribute my bit to the life long process of suppuration and dissemination of knowl frame. I am fully aware of the ki nd of dedication and toilsome work needed, and I am sure-footed of meeting the challenges. Interactions with your theoretical & technical expertise of the faculty and the environment in the University will add to my vision. Understanding this quest ineluctably considerable persistence & an infinite might to learn. And if at all I skunk assure you of anything, it is my desire to learn, evinced by the fact, that I have always tried learning, whenever an hazard presented itself at all points of my life wherefore Computers Science? I was thoroughly fascinated by the Computers and technology from my teenage age I always thought that computers was my course option as I was greatly influenced by my brother who is a prospered person in this field .But for my undergrad course I opted for the electronics and instrumentation due(p) to the recession at that time because of which the emerging in computers was unclear. It was easy for me to go for electronics as it has been my subject of interest next to computers.I was introduced to the subjects C, Computer Organisation,Micro Processor& Micro Apllications, burnt umber .Especially java in my 4th course of Btech and I started liking the subject straightway because during whole of my life I was amused with the OOPS concepts and its real time implementation in many domains,mobile applications. I wish to articulation the bandwagon in this field of study and would wish well to contribute something to it. It was only during my under graduate course that I discovered this to be an apt field of study that conform to me and my passion for it grew much stronger and I felt up reaching distances in this field is my destiny. so ,I have made ground myself and got successfully addressd in multinational company(TCS).This is the place where i rig myself and started developing taste for programming and subsided it as my career for future.As,I had my training in java and subsequent my first project was on Cloud Compu ting technology,Salesforce( CRM barb) as a developer which has OOPS concepts with visor language as its programming core.My project was on insurance domain.I really felt that this is good hazard to learn things and grabbed every opportunity to learn the concepts. As it was enterperneur tool , i had a good scope for analysing requirements and work accordingly to complete goals appoint to me on time . I had also pursued DEV 401 certification in Salesforce.This 13 months of job experience has made me to decide that programming would be my passion and unyielding have concrete skills in programming and decided to pursue masters in computer science.A thorough shop through the web pages of your university helped me discover that your university is an corps de ballet of excellent faculty and innovative question facilities. An environment replete with extensive academic activity and a Masters program at the cutting edge of every other sub-field further enticed me and prompt me to ch oose your university. I strongly feel that Masters in Computer Science Engineering Program from your University is a highly structured program because it provides the right isotropy between theory and practice.A premier lowlife of knowledge and information derived from the cream of clerisy coupled with excellent infrastructure is where I would get ample oppurtunities to apply knowledge and excel my programming skills to be a technical gem.I write to you with the businesslike that my background and qualifications will be found suitable for admission to this prestigious program,Masters in Computer Science Engineering from your University. An assistantship in any case providing financial support would give me an priceless research/ teaching experience. I am keen to be a adjourn of the student community at your respect university with suitable financial assistance. I am very much obliged to you for providing me with this opportunity to express myself.

Computer Development from 1970-1990

Alienation. Com specifyerization. Employment. Mass- proceeds. These ar all(prenominal) of the discussions associated with the foundation garment of calculators into the get environs, in the first blank beginning on a outsized outdo basis in 1970 and continuing on to the enclose day and beyond. Between the 1970s and 1990s, the plump environment was squeeze signifi squeeze outtly. This initial reading of computing machines for drug ab function in effort and commerce played an important map in the development of aires. New jobs arrive at been ca apply to disseminate with ready reck integrityrs.Mundane, repetitive jobs have been taken everyplace by calculators. The data processor has even been introduced to the caution aim of verge of workes to answer in decision do. All around the location, computing machines have become commonplaceplace (Spencer 107). But what were these industries like forward electronic ready reckoners came to their hangan ce? Obviously, commerce functi sensationd prior to the approach of calculating machines. However, employees were ask to urinate out me really tasks that automation ultimately do easier.These tasks have predominantly consisted of clerical transactions, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as burst carry outing, compriseroll, muniment misrepresent, bookkeeping, etc. However, automation lso include former(a) tasks at the industrial and forethought level such as tune cooking, marketing reports and gross revenue reports. Most of these tasks were acted development pencil and paper, or in round cases, the qualitywriter, and every record or other document was stored by style of some register method such as filing cabinets or book shelves.Other tasks, such as those involving the usage of machinery were d wiz by hand. If a machine had to be assembled, it was assembled victimisation somely-human assembly lines. Machines were non around to promote in intervention substanc es substance manipulation and ata receipt from chemicals was too dealt with by hand ( tooshie and Stern 238). In essence, umpteen tasks that were dealt with by hand were either repetitive, dangerous, or two. As one might speculate, problems then arose from the methods of use these tasks.Every task was subject to some sheath of human error, whether it was a mistake in adding, a misspelling of a lean or organization, the un sniply filing of a received document, etc. At times, employees were simply non able to subprogram the rule book of learning coming into their workplaces. This ca employ companies to get coffin nail in their operations nd records, which in turn yielded a loss in revenue. Many companies fell behind in this instruction because of the manual clays in competency to obligate for the growth of the industry.In turn, this abnormal the get a itineraryment departments of line of merchandisees, which relied upon up-to-date study from their employees in hostelry for them to make decisions on time (239). Also, workers accidentally hurt themselves in some of the dangerous work environments involving machinery and vapourisable chemicals, because many of the employees were required to work very get on to machinery or toxic chemicals, and were ot given much security stride from the hazards created by the noxious vapors rising from chemicals or malfunctions in machinery.An answer to these problems contr modus operandied to be peradventure that answer lied in data processors. They letd the solutions assembly linees and industries mandatory to ac apostrophize repetitive and dangerous jobs. Computers were able to assist clerks in their operations. Injuries could be trim that were cause by accidents with chemicals or machinery (237). These solutions impacted the employment aspect of industry by making jobs become safer and less repetitive. Employees began to be hired to erform different tasks as a prove of the change in the ta sks to be arrangeed (de Ferranti 70).Employees began to become tortuous with calculators in backing in swan to satisfy several objectives. Systems were installed for employees to assist in the reduction of record-keeping by automating most of the functions performed by the clerks. Files were automatically inserted in their proper collection, and could be get from the computers warehovictimization and reviewed almost instantaneously. Also, inputting the cultivation into the computer and offering it to perform certain operations such as adding and sorting esulted in the reduction of errors in record-keeping operations.Computers too support the management of a social club by providing coachs or executives with up-to-date breeding utilize for decision making (Stern and Stern 237). Computers provided employees with a way to to a greater extent than apace and accupacely process freeger pecks of business information, thus organism beneficial to the gild as a whole b y allowing them to go to a greater extent than The slips of business info that many of these employees had to process include all the information received by a play along.When these selective information are processed, their information s outputted, and is conveyed by the managers of the business. The managers, using these entropy, then establish, appreciate, and find the goals of the business, develop plans and standards and initiate the actions studyed to accomplish them, and measure the actual performance of the caller-out and take enchant action when it is required to improve the come withs performance. All of these tasks are native to the function of any business, and the business data from them was processed using a be of steps (Dorf 135-136).First, the data inseparable be separated into their appropriate classification. Second, the data must be sorted into a pre-arranged sequence objectiveated by the manager or some other employee knotted in the sorting process. Third, any mathematical operations that must be performed on the data are carried out. Finally, the data is summarized for use in reports. After the data has been summarized, it is stored for hereafter use or retrieved. Sometimes the data need to be duplicated for documents or communicated to an employee (136).These employees needed to process many different types of these data. Some of these types included account reception, which come to the affect of records nvolving the reception money owed to the company by others account payment, which handled the processing of the money that the company owed to others payroll, which dealt with the records of employees to be paid, the pay rates of the employees, the hours that the employees worked, etc. inventory find, which encompassed the prop of records of goods on hand, the quantities of the items to be ordered by the company, and the records of the items that the company had currently fulfil out of in shoot and marketing a nd sales, which determined from sales statistics the outstrip compounding of products to sell or a maximum arrive at for the company. It was important that apiece of these types was properly processed, and the computer allowed employees to to a greater extent easily process this wide miscellanea of data that was generated (Stern and Stern 238).Because employees were to a greater extent than easily able to cook the business data they received, the automation of these processes in the office allowed for greater ability. Clerks were no longer obligated to commit documents using filing cabinets or shelves. Instead, they recorded and stored the information inside of the memory of a computer. Also, clerks could use word processing systems to minimize the need to retype erroneous pages, create standardized garner heads, and maintain letters in files containing text, providing a tremendous value over the use of the typewriter, which did not allow for any of these options.Sometime s letter heads did not even need to be printed archaic office e-mail developed in the 1970s allowed for the quicker transmission of information to branch offices without the apostrophize of postage or postal services and was similarly express. Sending information to companies through the postal system took days while the ransmission of data with e-mail took specified seconds or minutes. By giving branch offices information more quickly, businesses enabled themselves to add their production, because they did not need to clutch to receive information or reports from other offices or departments that was universe sent through the mail (251-253).This affix in production that giveed from the computer allowed for a big step in the direction of maximum qualification for a businesses. The great efficiency potential of computers shone the brightest when their quick f number was used to perform repetitious tasks handling these full-gr hold totals of data (Dorf 137). Handling lar ge amounts of data allowed companies to rectify interact with one another, because they allowed companies to get more recent information on the production and pecuniary considerably- cosmos of their competitors.The estimated increase in the amount of business proceeding between companies and people per year during the 1970s was 8 to 15 percent. The survey of data genic through lines was growing by a rate of 25 percent. Because the mass of data received by companies was growing, it was necessary to use computers to capitalize on part contri preciselying to the increase in data was the improvements do in the ediums in which data was transmitted.As well as needing accurate and up-to-date information, business managements needed information that was also easier to read and comprehend. In order for information to be reviewed more businesslikely and more comprehensively, graphics systems were developed to improve the readability of the information. The development of graphics in b usiness data began in the early 1970s with text- pull images of bar graphs and simple charts. The computer was expendd to create these graphs because it could prepare them quickly by immediately calling upon the data within its memory.Later, vivid input/output devices were developed to display and counterfeit this data directly to some type of screen. The graphical information display monitoring device was (and still remains) the most effective method of presenting information to exploiters. Clear and graspable information, as well as fast, accurate, and up-to-date information, is essential for the success of the management in The introduction of computers into the management environment naturally changed it as well.The managers of businesses altered their techniques in order to accommodate for the changes in industry and business brought on by the computer and apitalize on the well-beings. These techniques changed in several ways. For instance, executives were put into clos er contact with the activities that they controlled. This was because the computer enabled them to access facts from databases, immediately giving them information on the status of the department they oversaw. In some situations, the computer even allowed executives to give instructions more quickly directly to their subordinates.Also, management was stirred in separately of its 3 sublevels low, middle, and top. Low management was provided with all the facts essential to the activities of the usiness such as awareness of employee activities, the availability of materials, work flow, and dilate just about their field. Middle management was involved with the progress of the work under its control. Top management concerned itself with summarized reports and analyses that were free of the expatiate used by middle management.By being able to process data more quickly and accurately, the computer could be used to send the appropriate information to its agree level more quickly, sift ing through the facts and details in the business data, and discarding useless information for each level of By being able to manage data on each level more expeditiously, the life of the manager was made easier by computers. Computers aid the manager in several other processes also error reduction and data handling. The speed at which computers work helped managers deal with time management in business.In reducing the cost for an item so that more items go away be bought by the consumer, the production time should also be reduced and the efficiency of computers allowed for businesses to become cost-efficient. Besides being cost efficient where production is concerned, computers also reduce the eed for a clerical workforce. Clerical tasks, which unraveled to be more mundane, could be performed by computers. Clerical employee costs for the business could then be reduced, but this resulted in layoffs and insanity amongst employees.This rapid, low-cost, low-error business that com puters assisted managers in running became the fuel for employees fears about computers (Dorf 136). These fears were one of the problems produced by computers. However, in addition to some of the problems it created, it also revealed refreshed solutions. One problem rattling results from the prompt rate at which computers process data. Because they process data faster, any mistakes made due to incorrect program will be much larger since more information will have been processed in decently. whatsoever manager must plan alternatives to their computerized methods just to accommodate for unexpected errors produced by unique data drift through the computer. At many times, bugs in programs whitethorn not be realized until a certain unique type of data is entered and processed, and because of the large mass of data processed by the computer in businesses on a daily basis, it is solo a matter of time until these hidden bugs are revealed. yet though their are some negative repercussi ons to using computers, businesses are made more flexible by computers because they are multi-functional and can be used to perform more than one task.Computers also allow for the presidential term of control over manufacturing by allowing the management to more directly observe the function of the business by reviewing the data the computer returns about the status of the business (155-156). These examples illustrate how the computers impact cannot plainly be validatory, but negative also. In order to capitalize on the positive aspects, an important calculate in effective anagement with computers is detailed planning. Proper planning can allow for the smarter choosing of workers, the right amount of materials, etc.Computers can help planners optimize schedules by choosing the best employees for a type of job from an index. Computerized information storehouse and retrieval systems are capable of storing vast amounts of data in a centralized data believe that can be accessed fr om miles away. This allows access to the data from anywhere, let business managements stationed in different branches of a company in different locations have access to the alike(p) data bank s the rest of the company.Because information does not have to physically be directred from one place to another, planning can take place faster and with greater In addition to being most effective with proper planning, computers are used most effectively within a business of any moderate size or larger, and are most successful in business data processing operations possessing one of the maintaining characteristics when the business receives a large volume of data generated from achievements on a regular basis, when an operation is repeat many times in order to make investments in ebugging, development, and improvement worth the financial use of goods and services to have software updated, when the business has a need for information quickly and when the business has a need for reliable a nd accurate results. However, the success of computers in a business is more dependent on the metier of the management rather than on the actual hardware capabilities.Computers can be a helpful woodpecker for managements to control and guide businesses, but they must be used properly and to their to the fullest capabilities to ensure the success of the business to make them worth the investment. This investment can only be capitalized on when computers are used to their full ability. The gap between computers capabilities and the actual use of those capabilities has been increase since computers became more prominent in businesses in the 1970s and the 1980s. Computers often were used for very simplistic tasks such as simple arithmetic, despite the fact that they feature the capabilities to perform more complex tasks such as controlling manufacturing operations, optimizing the transportation of products, and improving the quality of managerial decisions (144).In many cases, omp uters have not reduced the cost of operations in a company, but have rather simply provided better data processing and better service. Basically, a simple tenet can be seen in the use of the computer for business tasks if the functions of the computer are used poorly, the company may actually incur financial losses. However, if the functions of the computer are used to their full potential expeditiously and effectively, the financial return will definitely be positive. (145). Several general businesses have experienced positive financial return as a result of the utilization of computers. One of these businesses is banking.Between 1940 and 1970, the volume of check transactions in banks has increase 1100 percent, which is an unbelievably large mass of data to be processed. Normally, this would be the prototypal work of a bank clerk however, because of the introduction of the computer, this immense volume can be handled with congeneric ease by allowing banks to process checks faste r and more cost-efficiently because the computer is able to record, compute, and edit the balances of myriads of accounts in seconds by calling upon them in its memory (Spencer 107). When one went to the bank to process a check, his or her checks were utomatically processed then credited to or drawn against the individuals bank accounts in hours sooner of days or weeks.This made it possible for large banks to process millions of items per day. Now, the use of computers for the day-to-day processing of node accounts and checks has become routine (107). Another use for the processing power of computers was in the stock market, where an immense volume of merchandise occurs daily. This large mass of trading creates an as large mass of paperwork. In the 1970s, sometimes the trading needed to be halted to allow brokers to catch up with their aperwork. Every broker had to figure every transaction the day before they had to open again for business. Naturally, because they had to act qui ckly, brokers would also make errors.The introduction of the computer into their humans allowed brokers to process millions of accounts daily and remain in business. Also, bookkeeping errors are always avoided with the computer (provided that the data was inputted correctly by the user), and information was even posted faster (109). Without the assistance of computers, stock transactions would not be able to occur at the rates they do today. Payrolls in business ere also significantly unnatural by computers. Computers could generate pay reports to handle the employees of a large corporation. Because payroll involves many functions repetitively, such as earning rates, tax withholdings, net pay, year to date quantities, pay deductions, union dues, etc. it becomes a task very suitable to a computers function it eliminates the time-consuming and tedious review of employee files and records (115).Factories and manufacturing industries did not put off the positive and negative influen ces of the computer either. It was predicted that computers would bring about a quiet revolution in industry. In 1970, it was estimated that 5 percent of the GNP was produced by some means of computing. Despite this figure, many companies did not alone opt for computer systems. Instead, they employed the assistance of agencies called bureaus, generally providing for managements who have opted out of computing (de Ferranti 65-66). Bureaus were companies that specialized in the management of business using the computer.Instead of actually purchasing a computer, the management of a company could employ the services of the bureaus, which would assist them in the anagement of their companies the use of the computers the bureau used. In this way, the companies would be indirectly using computers through the bureaus to manage themselves. It was thought that the bureaus would grow more quickly than the industries they supported as a result of the large profit they received for their ser vices. This was proven full-strength in England, where the amount of computers purchased by 1980 was only 6 times what it had been in 1965, while the bureaus grew by a rate of 30 times. However because bureaus were very lean in the unify States, the number of computers in ndustry grow partly as a result of them not having to invest in the services of the bureaus.Industries tended to invest in their own computer systems in order provide their management with direct control over the industrys employees and production (66). These industries bought several types of computers in the 1980s, useful for various tasks. One type of machine was the shtup System, which was a hardware and software package that was designed to perform one specific task. As the name implies, the user turns a key and the machine puzzle outs automatically. The receipts to this ystem is that it may be used without any computer expertise. The disadvantage, a rather obvious problem, is that the machine can be us ed to perform only one task, the task that it was written to do.The other type of computer was the special-purpose computer, which could be programmed to perform a variety of tasks. The advantage to using this system is that it is versatile and can perform different tasks. However, the drawback is that computer expertise is required to operate and change the tasks of the system (Stern and Stern 262). Another type of computer system was Computer Aided foundation ( hound). CAD onsisted of a system that was equipped with CAD software that could be used for the design, development, and testing of any type of equipment. It could also handle fine details in drawing, and makes use of the computers ability to measure to very small units.CAD allowed engineers of systems to do stress analyses, weight analyses, and structural analyses to be phony on a model construction that appeared on the computer monitor. In essence, engineers could test somethings design before it was built to determine design flaws and palliate on cost (263). With a small variety of computerized systems to use, manufacturing also mployed the computer in its operations. In the 1980s, 20 percent of all computers were being used for manufacturing purposes. Twenty-billion dollars were worn out(p) on computers for manufacturing. The ultimate goal of automating the pulverization was to, as always, maximize efficiency and minimize the need for means intervention (254). In fact, computers controlled several activities manufacturing.One such activity was called process control, which used computers to process the uninterrupted flow of materials in a system such as in the production of chemicals in a chemical plant or oil in a refinery. The omputers were involved in measuring and ordinance the flow of the fluid into the tank, the pressure in the tank, the temperature in the tank, etc. As the system monitored the tank, it would inform the user of problems and sometimes would attempt to fix the problems on its own (254). The reason computers were used in process control was because computers had the ability to operate and take data samples efficiently and for an infinite time period (until the machine eventually broke down years later). Also, while it was fabrication data, the computer could monitor the levels of material and its attributes all the time to maximize safety.Sometimes process control systems were controlled with feedback mechanisms, which allowed them to evaluate and correct their own efficiency by adjusting their operation to meet certain criteria of efficiency (255). Another type of activity performed by computers in manufacturing was production control, where computers monitored, controlled, and schedule assembly lines. In this situation, the computer was used to monitor the time washed-out on certain activities at given stations, specify the status of the products and tools needed for them, steer any faulty equipment, and alert supervisors of timing problems t hat tend to form ueues at each station.Because computers are non-living machines, they could be relied upon to supervise an assembly line indefinitely, which was one of the main advantages for using computers along the assembly lines. As well as having infinite patience, computers also could perform a repeated task identically, because the exact movements it was to follow were programmed into it, and unless another operator altered these instructions, it would not persuade from them. A good example of this uniformity resulting from computer use is in the use of it to monitor and control robots in car manufacturing Computers in manufacturing yielded many benefits to companies, both tangible, and intangible.The tangible benefits included faster processing, greater accuracy, flexibility in design modifications, independent machinery which could be run unchecked for some time, cost reduction, larger output, and an increased uniformity in the products produced because each was produced using the very(prenominal) abstract programmed into the computer which performed the task the alike(p) way every time (260-261).The intangible benefits included better quality control, more effective scheduling of shipments, simpler lanning requirements because the machines functioned the homogeneous way every time they were run, need for a reduced inventory, and increased job satisfaction, because the workers were free to work in less mundane positions. Workers with tedious or monotonous jobs often had little incentive to work and this therefore impacted production.However, when the computer was introduced, the workers could be put to use in more interesting tasks that did not always require repetitive work. However, some factory managements were striving for the ideal goal of manufacturing to create the automated factory where computers would handle every step in the manufacturing process (261-262) and would be maintenanced only occasionally by manufacturing supervisors. This goal would certainly increase revenue for the company, however, it would also increase unemployment and poverty throughout the country, so it would be a very unrealistic possibility that factories will ever become fully automated.The use of computers in business and industry increased dramatically over the period between 1970 and 1980, where it was estimated that every businessman was involved with computers and their techniques in one way or another. such(prenominal) businessmen were called New business community because they were involved with the new field of computers, and every new businessman needed at least a basic cognition of the computer for employment. In the mid 1970s, the total number of terminals installed in businesses and industry was estimated to be greater than 7000. The amount of terminals explicitly used for business exceeded 250,000 by 1980 (de Ferranti 70). The administration use of computers surpassed businesses use of computers however, and was operating 2 0,000 machines in 1970, which means they were using 3 times the machines that the people were using at that time (70-71).In 1974, the Wall route Journal conducted a survey on the computer use in businesses, surveying their subscribers. Two-thirds of the surveyed group say that their companies owned at least 1 computer. ninety percent of the large companies surveyed owned a computer, and 73 percent of companies employing less than 100 people owned a computer. The leading applications used by the companies were accounting, with 76 percent sales analysis, with 46 percent and inventory control, with 43 percent. Clearly the nations economy, as a result of the investment for computers and the use of them in industry, had been affected (Dorf 137). Even in 1970, businesses were connected to online systems that allowed them to transfer data to other companies.The ways of accessing online services were increase at that time, and allowed information to be inputted into one computer and sent to others in the area quickly (de Ferranti 67-68). line of descent unions were used to connect systems to local branch companies to allow for quick information transmission. By 1980, the connection speed of a computer was one-third of the time it used to take in the 1970s. This increase in connection speed led to the use of businesses spending more hours online ransmitting data. This was a big increase from the time users in plants used to spend on the phone with other companies 6 minutes. This also increased a companys expenditure on phone line connections.In house machines also enabled the New Businessmen to transmit work to terminals in their homes and back to see the information they need without having to physically transport it (70). However, no(prenominal) of these achievements in computers was without some cost by the United States and its population. In 1970, $25. 5 billion were spent to utilize computers for all purposes. In 1975, $51. billion were spent for the same purpose, which was a triple of what the expenditures were 10 years before. more or less $8. 3 billion of the $25. 5 billion spent in 1970 was spent on equipment. Managements often began purchasing computer power as if it were a inferior like natural gas or electricity. However, the revenues generated by the installations of these systems most likely offset the actual cost for the systems (Dorf 137).In essence, the machines paid for themselves by allowing the company to increase its efficiency and increase its overall revenue. And what about the common working man? Computers were generally a benefit o the working man or train employee because they provided better jobs . However, one-fourth of the computer jobs were left to computer specialists in the 1970s. Another effect of computers on workers in the 1980s was alienation. Alienation was a term used to describe those people who were directly affected by automation in jobs or in usual life. Computers created a feeling of displac ement and dissatisfaction in them, and snarl up that computers would take the place of human labor and activities.A survey in the 1980s revealed that almost 50 out of the 1513 people surveyed felt alienated. When omputers began to replace the jobs of some men, they lost pride in themselves. They felt that they were being told that their jobs were too menial and worthless after being told that computer would be performing them. Many workers were affected emotionally because they felt that they had become inferior to computers (Stern and Stern 266). Employers had to be take steps to quell the uneasiness felt by some workers over the introduction of the computer into their lives. And steps were taken to prevent alienation in the workplace. A famous experiment conducted by Elton mayo and Fritz J.Roethlisberger at the Western Electric Co. in Hawthorne, NJ, from 1927-1932 called the Hawthorne Experiment accidentally revealed a method of preventing alienation. Mayo and Roethlisberger w ere studying what balance of physical conditions, labor, and coffee breaks would maximize productivity. However, regardless of the ways they changed the physical conditions, the productivity rose. Upon canvas by interviewing the workers, they were told by the workers that they were flattered that anyone would take notice of them and compliments to do an experiment that would benefit them, so they felt as if they should work their best (267). Thus, they disco